книги / English for Aerospace Engineering

VIII. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

(Аэрокосмическая промышленность) concerns that deal with (полетами транспортных средств) (в атмосфере Земли и за ее пределами). The (термин) (аэрокосмический) is derived from the words (аэронавтика) and (космический полет). The (аэрокосмическая промышленность) is engaged in the (исследование), (разработка), and (производство) of (летательных аппаратов). (Летательные аппараты) include (аппараты легче воздуха), (аппараты тяжелее воздуха), (ракеты), (космические ракеты носители), and (космические корабли). Major (подсистемы летательных аппаратов) are (двигательная установка), (авионика) and key (вспомогательные системы). The industry is engaged in the fabrication of (неавиационной продукции). (Технологический прогресс) is the basis for (конкурентоспособности) and (продвижения) in the (аэрокосмической промышленности).

IX. Read and complete it with the necessary words.

The aerospace industry ranks among the world’s (1) ______ manufacturing industries in terms of people employed and value of output. Yet even beyond its shear (2) _______, the aerospace industry was one of the defining industries of the twentieth century.

As a socio political phenomenon, aerospace has inflamed the (3) _______

of youth around the world, inspired new schools of industrial (4) _______, decisively bolstered both the self image and power of the nation state, and shrunk the effective size of the globe.

As an economic phenomenon, aerospace has consumed the major amount of research and development (5) _______ across many fields, subsidized innovation in a vast array of component technologies, evoked new (6) _______ of production, spurred construction of enormous manufacturing complexes, inspired technology sensitive managerial (7) _______, supported dependent regional economies, and justified the deeper incursion of national governments into their

(8) _______.

https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the history of the aerospace industry/

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Unit 2. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot remain in the cradle forever.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Teacher, inventor, physicist, aviation engineer 1857—1935

I. Read the following words paying attention to the pronunciation:

Article [ˈɑːtɪk(ə)l], findings [ˈfaɪndɪŋz], kinetic [kɪˈnetɪk], undaunted [ʌnˈdɔːntɪd], exploration [ekspləˈreɪʃ(ə)n], viable [ˈvaɪəb(ə)l], proposal [prəˈpəʊz(ə)l], explore [ɪkˈsplɔː], equation [ɪˈkweɪʒ(ə)n], formula [ˈfɔːmjʊlə], asteroid [ˈæstərɔɪd].

(1)______ work

(2)_______ scientist and mathematician Konstantin Tsiolkovsky tried his hand at writing science fiction. However, he found himself focusing on the concrete problems that space travelers would have to deal with, such as the struggle to control a rocket as it traveled through gravitational fields. In 1883, he published an (3) _______ about living in outer space that dealt with the effects of zero gravity.

Isolated, Tsiolkovsky found it difficult to stay abreast of new research. When he sought to publish his findings on the kinetic properties of gases, he was told that someone else had already published similar findings a quarter decade earlier.

Undaunted, Tsiolkovsky turned his eyes toward flight. He began to design airships, publishing his first work on the subject in 1892 and developing Russia's first wind tunnel. An 1894 article proposed the idea of a fully metal aircraft, and in 1895, he turned his eyes toward settling space.

In 1903, his manuscript "Exploration of the World Space with Reaction Machines" was published in Nauchnoe Obozrenie (Scientific Review) magazine. This and his follow up articles are regarded as the world's first scientifically viable proposals to explore outer space with rockets. Tsiolkovsky's rockets were fueled

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by a mixture of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, the same mix used on the space shuttle, though hydrogen had only been liquefied for the first time in 1898.

His manuscript included the equation now named for the (4) _______. Tsiolkovsky's formula provides the mathematical relationship between the changing mass of a rocket as it burns through fuel, the velocity of the exhaust gases, and the final speed of the rocket. It is considered a foundation of astronautics.

But though Tsiolkovsky was the first to delve into such complex problems, his role as a provincial schoolteacher, combined with the shutdown of the magazine, meant that very few copies of his research left Russia. In the 1920s, German scientist Hermann Oberthand, American physicist Robert Goddard were independently reaching many of the same conclusions as Tsiolkovsky. Their separate parallel work set all three men as the "(5) _______ of rocketry."

The most prominent crater on the far side of the moon bears his name, as does asteroid 1590 Tsiolkovsky.

https://www.space.com/19994 konstantin tsiolkovsky.html

ACTIVE WORDS

cradle [ˈkreɪd(ə)l] — колыбель, люлька

try one's hand at smth. — попробовать свои силы в чём л. space traveler — космонавт

deal with — заниматься, иметь дело

struggle [ˈstrʌɡ(ə)l] — борьба, усилие, напряжение article [ˈɑːtɪk(ə)l] — статья

stay abreast of — быть в курсе

seek [siːk] — (sought [sɔːt] —, sought) искать, стремиться, добиваться findings [ˈfaɪndɪŋz] — выводы, полученные данные

kinetic [kɪˈnetɪk] — кинетический

undaunted [ʌnˈdɔːntɪd] — неустрашимый, не утративший мужества exploration [ekspləˈreɪʃ(ə)n] — исследование

viable [ˈvaɪəb(ə)l] — жизнеспособный proposal [prəˈpəʊz(ə)l] — предложение explore [ɪkˈsplɔː] — исследовать, изучать

shuttle [ˈʃʌt(ə)l] — шаттл, челнок, челночный, двигать вперед назад equation [ɪˈkweɪʒ(ə)n] — уравнение

delve into — углубляться

bear (bore, borne) — нести, иметь

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III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)Russian born scientist and physicist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky tried his hand at the struggle to control a rocket as it traveled through gravitational fields.

2)In 1883, he published a book that dealt with the effects of zero gravity.

3)Isolated, Tsiolkovsky found it difficult to stay abreast of new research.

4)When he sought to publish his findings on the kinetic properties of gases, he was told that it was world's first scientifically viable proposals.

5)Inspired, Tsiolkovsky turned his eyes toward flight.

6)He began to design airships and the first sun tunnel.

7)An 1894 article proposed the idea of a fully plastic aircraft.

8)Articles of Tsiolkovsky are regarded as the Russian's first scientifically viable proposals to explore outer space with rockets.

9)Tsiolkovsky's rockets were fueled by coal.

10)His manuscript included the equation now named for the scientist.

11)Tsiolkovsky's equation provides the mathematical relationship between the changing mass of a rocket as it burns through fuel, the velocity of the exhaust gases, and the final speed of the rocket.

12)It is considered a foundation of aviation.

13)In the 1920s, German scientist Hermann Oberthand and American physicist Robert Goddard were together reaching many of the same conclusions as Tsiolkovsky.

14)Their work set all three men as the "fathers of rocketry."

15)The most prominent crater on the far side of the Mars bears his name, as does asteroid 1590 Tsiolkovsky.

IV. Read the text again and fill the table.

Tsiolkovsky’s Works

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V.Fill the correct preposition.

1.He wanted to try his hand _ singing.

2.We need to deal _ this problem right now.

3.Please focus _ your studies and not on your hobbies.

4.Governments have also taken far reaching measures to stay abreast _ the new developments.

5.Let us move from clouded past and turn eye _ more deserving future.

6.We'll delve _ that next week.

VI. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)Russian born scientist and mathematician Konstantin Tsiolkovsky tried

his hand

2)He began to design

3)His manuscript and follow up articles are regarded

4)Tsiolkovsky's rockets were fueled

5)His manuscript included the equation

6)It is considered

7)In the 1920s, German scientist Hermann Oberthand, American physicist Robert Goddard were independently reaching

8)Their separate parallel work set all three men

9)The most prominent crater on the far side of the moon and asteroid 1590 bear

a)a foundation of astronautics.

b)airships and develop Russia's first wind tunnel.

c)as the "fathers of rocketry".

d)as the world's first scientifically viable proposals to explore outer space with rockets.

e)at the effects of zero gravity.

f)by a mixture of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, the same mix used on the space shuttle.

g)many of the same conclusions as Tsiolkovsky.

h)name of Tsiolkovsky.

i)now named for the scientist.

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VII. Find English equivalents in the text.

Научная фантастика, открытый космос, невесомость, кинетические свойства газов, аналогичные выводы, аэродинамическая труба, научно обоснованные предложения, смесь жидкого водорода и жидкого кислорода, водород впервые был сжижен, уравнение, масса ракеты при сжигании топлива, скорость выхлопных газов, конечная скорость ракеты, основа космонавтики, отдельная параллельная работа, обратная сторона Луны.

VIII. Read and complete it with the necessary words.

Russian born scientist and mathematician Konstantin Tsiolkovsky is often referred to as the (1) ______ of astronautics and human spaceflight. His visionary ideas for the future of humanity in space were far (2) ______ of his time.

It is Tsiolkovsky who first determined that the escape velocity from the Earth into (3) _______ was 8 km/second and that this could be achieved by using a (4) _______ rocket fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.

During his lifetime he published over 500 works on space travel and related

(5) _______, including science fiction novels. Among his works are designs for the construction of space rockets and ideas for steerable rocket engines, multi stage boosters, space (6) ________, airlocks for exiting a spaceship into the vacuum of space, and closed (7) ________ biological systems to provide food and (8) ______

for space colonies. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration

IX. Summarize the scientific achievements of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

Unit 3. Aerospace Engineering

I. Read the following words paying attention to the pronunciation:

Feasibility [fiːzɪˈbɪlɪtɪ], dissect [dɪˈsekt], phase [feɪz], conceptual [kənˈseptjʊəl], preliminary [prɪˈlɪmɪn(ə)rɪ], fatigue [fəˈtiːɡ], prototype [ˈprəʊtətaɪp], full scale [ˌfʊlˈskeɪl].

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II. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

Aerospace Engineering, also called aeronautical engineering, or astronautical engineering, (1) ______ of engineering concerned with the design, development, construction, testing, and operation of vehicles operating in the Earth’s atmosphere or in (2) ______space.

The design of a flight vehicle demands a knowledge of many engineering

(3) _______. It is rare that one person takes on the entire task; instead, most companies have design teams specialized in the sciences of aerodynamics, propulsion systems, structural design, materials, avionics, and (4) ______ and control systems. No single design can optimize all of these sciences, but rather there exist compromised designs that incorporate the vehicle (5) ______, available technology, and economic feasibility.

III. Read about phases of flight vehicle design. Fill the table.

1

2

3

4

5

The design of a flight vehicle can be dissected into five phases.

Phase one is a marketing analysis to determine customer specifications or requirements.

The customer’s requirements are established and then passed on to the conceptual design team for the second phase. The conceptual design team generally consists of aerospace engineers, who make the first sketch attempt to determine the vehicle’s size and configuration. Preliminary estimates of the vehicle’s performance, weight, and propulsion systems are made. Performance parameters include range, speed, drag, power required, payload, and takeoff and landing distances.

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Phase three is the preliminary design phase. The optimized vehicle design from phase two is used as the starting point. Aerospace engineers perform computer analyses on the configuration; then wind tunnel models are built and tested. Flight control engineers study dynamic stability and control problems. Propulsion groups supply data necessary for engine selection. Interactions between the engine inlet and vehicle frame are studied. Civil, mechanical, and aerospace engineers analyze the bending loads, stresses, and deflections on the wing, airframe, and other components. Material science engineers aid in selecting low weight, high strength materials and may conduct aeroelastic and fatigue tests. Weight engineers make detailed estimates of individual component weights. As certain parameters drive the vehicle design, the preliminary designers are often in close contact with both the conceptual designers and the marketing analysts.

Phase four, the detailed design phase, involves construction of a prototype. Mechanical engineers, technicians, and draftsmen help lay out the drawings necessary to construct each component. Full scale mock ups are built of cardboard, wood, or other inexpensive materials to aid in the subsystem layout. Subsystem components are built and bench tested, and additional wind tunnel testing is performed.

The final phase concerns flight testing the prototype. Engineers and test pilots work together to assure that the vehicle is safe and performs as expected. If the prototype is a commercial transport aircraft, the vehicle must meet the requirements specified by government organizations.

The time required from the perception of a customer’s needs to delivery of the product can be as long as 10 to 15 years depending on the complexity of the design, the political climate, and the availability of funding.

High speed computers have now enabled complex aerospace engineering problems to be analyzed rapidly. More extensive computer programs, many written by aerospace engineers, are being formulated to aid the engineer in designing new configurations.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/aerospace engineering

ACTIVE WORDS

feasibility [fiːzɪˈbɪlɪtɪ] — возможность, осуществимость dissect [dɪˈsekt] — разрезать, рассекать

phase [feɪz] — фаза, стадия, период, этап conceptual [kənˈseptjʊəl] — концептуальный preliminary [prɪˈlɪmɪn(ə)rɪ] — предварительный

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payload [ˈpeɪləʊd] — полезная нагрузка

starting point — исходный пункт, начальная точка bending load — изгибающее усилие

stress [stress] — давление, нажим; напряжение deflection [dɪˈflekʃ(ə)n] — отклонение

fatigue [fəˈtiːɡ] — техн. усталость (материала)

prototype [ˈprəʊtətaɪp] — техн. (опытный) образец; модель draftsman [ˈdrɑːf(t)smən] — чертёжник, конструктор

lay out [leɪ ˈaʊt] — раскладывать, разбивать, планировать

full scale [ˌfʊlˈskeɪl] — в натуральную величину, полный, всеобъемлющий mock up — модель в натуральную величину; опытный

cardboard [ˈkɑːdbɔːd] — картон

layout [ˈleɪaʊt] — макет, схема, план, разметка, проект

bench test — заводские испытания, испытания в заводских условиях

III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)The design of a flight vehicle can be dissected into four phases.

2)Phase one is a marketing analysis to determine producer specifications or requirements.

3)The requirements are established and then passed on to the conceptual design team.

4)The conceptual design team makes the detail drawing.

5)Phase three is the final design phase.

6)Phase four, the detailed design phase, involves construction of a copy.

7)The fourth phase concerns flight testing the prototype.

8)The time required from the perception of a customer’s needs to delivery of the product can be as long as 10 to 15 months.

IV. Find the functions performed by the following specialists.

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V.Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)The design of a flight vehicle can be dissected into

2)Phase one is a marketing analysis to determine

3)The customer’s requirements are established and then passed on

4)The conceptual design team determines

5)Performance parameters include

6)Phase three is

7)Phase four, the detailed design phase, involves

8)Full scale mock ups are built of

9)The final phase concerns

10)Engineers and test pilots work together to assure that

11)High speed computers have now enabled complex aerospace engineering problems to

a)be analyzed rapidly.

b)cardboard, wood, or other inexpensive materials.

c)construction of a prototype.

d)customer specifications.

e)five phases.

f)flight testing the prototype.

g)range, speed, drag, power required, payload, and takeoff and landing distances.

h)the preliminary design phase.

i)the vehicle is safe and performs as expected.

j)the vehicle’s size and configuration.

k)to the conceptual design team.

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