книги / How to Write a Research Paper in English
..pdfYou will need to re-read your paper several times. A good strategy is to read your paper backwards. In this way, you will feel a little disoriented and will be able to catch more mistakes. You should start reading the last sentence, then check the second to the last one and continue doing it until you get to your first sentence.
You should ask your friends or family members to review your research paper and express their opinion about it. They should evaluate your argument, transitions, and the balance and look for any inconsistencies with usage, grammar or mechanics. Ask your friends to provide their feedback and make suggested changes if you think they make sense. Finally, you may print your paper and proofread it to eliminate minor mistakes or typos and ensure that your amazing research paper is flawless.
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Appendix 3
WRITING A LIST OF REFERENCES
An alphabetical list of references is placed at the end of your assignment. This list gives the full publication details of each source you cited in your assignment so that your reader can consult the same sources that you have used.
A REFERENCE LIST is a formatted list of all sources you cited within your paper. Any time you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or include information that you have read from an outside source, you must include that source in your references list, correctly formatted.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY is a wider list of readings that includes both in-text references and other sources which may have informed your thinking on the topic, but may not have been placed as an in-text reference in your assignment. Make sure you know whether a reference list or bibliography is required for the unit you are studying.
When you write your reference list, you need to analyse the patterns of each reference type. Some basic details that you need to look for are authors/no authors, dates/no dates, titles, editions and publishers, pages, DOIs or /URLs, depending on the type of reference you need.
Each item in your references list requires general publication information, including but not limited to:
Author’s name;
Year of publication;
Title;
Source.
Because there are many types of sources, additional information may be required. You will see the most common kinds of sources in the sample references list below.
There are unique formatting rules to follow for each reference entry, but generally, remember these key rules for the whole references list:
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Center the word “References” in bold font at the top of a new page.
Double spacing is used throughout this page.
Alphabetize entries by authors’ last names.
Create a hanging indent for each individual source you add to the list. A hanging indent is where the second and all the following lines of a paragraph are indented more than the first. To make a hanging indent, highlight your citation and use the keyboard shortcut CTRL+T.
References List Examples
Expand the options below for help formatting your references list entries.
Online Journal & Newspaper Articles
Online Journal Article with DOI
Structure
Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp–pp. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx
For Example
Florian, R. V. (2010). Challenges for interactivist–constructivist robotics. New Ideas in New Ideas in Psychology, 28(3), 350–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.newideapsych.2009.09.009
Online Journal Article Without DOI, available online
Structure
Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp–pp. http://
For Example
Cecen Erogul, A. R. (2013). Psychometric properties of the children’s automatic thoughts scale (CATS) in Turkish children with age and gender differences. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 13(2), 355-370. http://jebp.psychotherapy.ro/
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To cite a journal article without a DOI that is located in a Library database or in print, do not include a URL.
Magazine Article in a Database
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Magazine, volume #(issue), pp-pp.
For Example
Dafny, L. S., & Lee, T. H. (2016, December). Health care needs real competition and every stakeholder has a role. Harvard Business Review, 76-87.
Magazine Article Retrieved Online
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Magazine, volume #(issue), pp-pp. http://
For Example
Clay, R. A. (2014, December). Taking action against Ebola. Monitor on Psychology, 45(11), 14. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/12/ebola.
Newspaper Article in a Database
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, Section.
For Example
Rowe, K. (2020, January 8). Training center shut down due to termites. The San Diego Union Tribune, C3.
Newspaper Article retrieved online
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article.
Name of Newspaper. http://
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For Example
McAllister, J. (2017, July 5). Beaver Stadium prepares for inaugural concert. Centre Daily Times. http://www.centredaily.com/entertainment/this-weekend/ article159672269.html.
Only use this category if the article has an associated daily or weekly newspaper. If the article is from a news website (BBC News, CNN, Huffpost, etc.), use the format for the article on a news website in the webpages category.
Blog Post
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Name of Blog. http://
For Example
Hardy, M. (2010, October 29). E-ZPass is a life-saver (literally). Freakonomics. http://freakonomics.com/2010/10/29/e-zpass-is-a-life-saver-literally/
Books
Digital Book with DOI
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxx
For Example
Ponniah, J., Hu, Y.-C., & Kumar, P. R. (2015). A clean slate approach to secure wireless networking. Now Foundations and Trends. https://doi.org/10.1561/ 1300000037
If a digital book does not have a DOI or URL, omit that element and cite in the same manner as a print book (see below).
Digital Book Without DOI but With Non-Database URL
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://URL
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For Example
Hesse, H. (1951). Siddhartha. New Directions. https://www.fulltextarchive.com/pdfs/Siddharthax5773.pdf.
Hyperlink for digital book should be DOI if available. If not, you may hyperlink a non-database URL. If the only available link to digital book is through a database, omit hyperlink and cite in the same manner as a print book (see below).
Digital Book (Anthology, Collected Works)
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article or story. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (edition, pp. XX-XX). Publisher name. http:// (Original work published date).
For Example
Shuhua, L. (2007). The night of midautumn festival (N. K. Mao, Trans.). In J. S. M. Lau & H. Goldblatt (Eds.), The Columbia anthology of modern Chinese literature
(2nd ed., pp. 95-102). Columbia University Press. https://bit.ly/2MKKUOp (Original work published 1928).
Book (Print)
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher.
For Example
Diaz–Rico, L. T. (2008). A course for teaching English learners. Pearson. Chapter in Edited Book
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Article or chapter title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Book title (# edition, page range of chapter). Publisher.
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For Example
Zhang, L. F., & Sternberg, R. J. (2010). Learning in a cross-cultural perspective. In V. G. Aukrust (Ed.), Learning and cognition in education (3rd ed., pp. 16-22). Elsevier.
Above entry works if DOI is unavailable and if text is only accessible through a database or in print. If DOI is available, include at the end of the citation as a hyperlink. If no DOI is available but the text is available online (not in a database), include the URL as a hyperlink.
Webpages, Websites, and Classroom Communications
For any webpage or website likely to change or be edited over time, include “Retrieved Month Day, Year, from” prior to URL.
Webpage with an Author
Structure
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Date). Title of webpage. Title of website. http://
For Example
Lad, K. (2016, August 28). An overview of the colorful traditional Mexican clothing. Buzzle. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/traditional-mexican-clothing.html
Webpage with No Individual Author
Structure
Name of Organization. (Publication Date). Title of webpage. http://
For Example
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008, March). Police and detectives. http://bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos160.pdf
This is an example of a group or corporate author. If you can’t find an individual author but you can find an organization or group that is responsible for the content of a webpage, then treat the entity as the author.
Webpage with No Author or Organization
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Structure
Title of webpage. (Publication Date). http://
For Example
Freud’s structural theory: The id, the ego, and the superego. (n.d.). http://www.vakkur.com/psy/freud.html.
Report: Corporate / Government or Group Author, Retrieved Online Structure
Name of Group. (Year, Month day). Title of report (Report number, if available) [Description, if needed]. Publisher name (omit if same as Name of Group). http://
For Example
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2019, July). The DHS strategic plan: Fiscal years 2020-2024 [Agency strategy publication]. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/de- fault/files/publications/19_0702_plcy_dhs-strategic-plan-fy20-24.pdf.
Article on a News Website
Structure
AuthorLastName, Initial. (Year, Month day). Title of article. Site name. http://
For Example
Dunn, J. (2020, January 6). Recycling collectors bothered by messy bins. CNN. http://cnn.com/article/recycling-collectors-bothered-by-messy-bins.
Only use this category for news articles that are not associated with a daily or weekly newspaper. Otherwise, use “Newspaper article retrieved online.” If author name and site name are same, omit site name.
Entire Website
Structure
AuthorLastName, Initial. (Year, Month day). Title of website. Site name. http://
For Example
US Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved January 28, 2020 from http://www.cdc.gov.
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Avoid citing entire websites when possible. Try instead to cite specific webpages or articles. When author and site name match, omit site name.
Classroom Communications-Instructor Guidance
Structure
AuthorLastName, Initial. (Year, Date). Title of guidance [Instructor guidance]. http://login.ashford.edu.
For Example
Jones, M. (2020, January 6). Writing an annotated bibliography [Instructor guidance]. http://login.ashford.edu.
Use the URL provided in the example above. Because courses are not accessible without a password, include this main URL for the classroom homepage instead.
Classroom Communications-Discussion Board Post
Structure
AuthorLastName, Initial. (Year, date). Name of discussion thread [Online discussion board]. http://login.ashford.edu.
For Example
Dunn, J. (2020, January 6). Week 3 discussion [Online discussion board]. http://login.ashford.edu.
Use the URL provided in the example above. Because courses are not accessible without a password, include this main URL for the classroom homepage instead.
Multimedia, Images, Videos & Audio
Film
Structure
Director’s Last Name, Initials (Director). (Year). Title of film [Description]. Production Company.
For Example
Sorkin, R. (Director). (2018). Tidewater [Film]. American Resilience Project. https://www.pbs.org/video/tidewater-mgqr0m.
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If film does not have URL, omit from entry. The director should be cited as the author of a video. If a director is unknown, someone in a similar role, such as writer, producer, etc. should be used. If both a director and another similar person is known, include both in the citation.
YouTube Video
Structure
Uploader Group Name or LastName, Initial. [Screen name if different]. (Year, Month day). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. http://
For Example
EnglishTeacherEmma. (2013, January 30). 5 tips to improve your writing [Video]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgkRoYPLhts
TV Series or Episode
Structure
TV Series:
Producer, W. W., & Producer, D. D. (Executive Producers). (Date range of running series). Title of series [TV series]. Studio or distributor.
TV Episode or Broadcast:
Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season X, Episode XX)[TV series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer), Series title. Studio or distributor.
For Example
TV Series:
Shore, D. (Executive Producer). (2004-2012). House [TV series]. Fox Broadcasting.
TV Episode or Broadcast:
Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005, February 6). Failure to communicate (Season 1, Episode 11)[TV series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive Producer), House. Fox Broadcasting.
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