книги / Чтение и перевод юридических текстов

United Kingdom +44-1865-271-491 law.ox.ac.uk

2. Cambridge

o Law has been studied in the halls of Cambridge since the 13th century. It currently has approximately 700 undergraduate law students, 125 LL.M. students and 100 graduate research students. Education UK under the British Council writes that "Cambridge is a fascinating mix: an historic medieval town that is the birthplace of some of the most recent scientific advances." Times Online ranks Cambridge No. 1 in their 2010 Good University Guide for Law schools, receiving 90 percent and 94 percent in their national student survey and graduate prospects, respectively.

The Faculty of Law Cambridge University 10 West Rd.

Cambridge CB3 9DZ United Kingdom +44-1223-330-033 law.cam.ac.uk

3. London School of Economics

o The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly known as LSE was founded in 1895. Education UK notes that the LSE has had 15 Nobel Prize winners among its alumni and former staff. Education UK also notes that 69 percent of students come from outside the UK, making LSE's education "truly international, both in and out of the classroom."

LSE

Houghton St. London WC2A 2AE United Kingdom +44-20-7405-7686 lse.ac.uk

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4. Nottingham

o The University of Nottingham opened in 1881 as a civic college. In 1948 it became the University of Nottingham. It has several campuses within the UK and others abroad in Malaysia and China. In its Nottingham campus, the student population is just over 32,000.

The School of Law has a student population of 900, with 40 fulltime academic staff. Under the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, the University of Nottingham is ranked fourth in law schools in the UK and receives an overall score of 94.6 percent in The Complete University Guide 2010.

The University of Nottingham University Park

Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom +44-115-951-5151 nottingham.ac.uk

5. University College London

o The University College London (UCL) is ranked number one in The Complete University Guide 2010. It scores 92 percent in graduate prospects and receives an overall score of 100 percent. The Sunday Times calls the University of College London as "an intellectual powerhouse with a world class reputation." UCL's Faculty of Laws is ranked joint first in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise. UCL has 55 faculty members and approximately 840 students comprising of undergraduate, graduate and research students.

Faculty of Laws, UCL Bentham House

Endsleigh Gardens

London WC1H 0EG United Kingdom +44-20-7679-2000 ucl.ac.uk

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УСЛОВНО-РЕЧЕВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

ВДИАЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЧЕВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

1.Прочитайте текст и сформулируйте его тему.

2.Прочитайте текст и выделите в каждом абзаце новую информацию по теме, запишите ее в виде ключевых слов и словосочетаний.

3.Изучите информацию об истории возникновения и становления данного учебного заведения, составьте план вашего выступления.

4.Прочитайте текст и найдите в нем информацию для подтверждения положения о том, что данный юридический факультет, колледж или университет является уникальным в своем роде.

5.Прочитайте текст и подготовьте различные вопросы об особенностях данного юридического вуза.

РЕЧЕВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

ВДИАЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЧЕВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

1.Используйте ключевыеслова и задайте партнерамвопросы.

2.Прослушайте вопрос партнера и выразите вашу точку зрения, используя речевые клише типа: In my opinion; It seems to me that; From my point of view; I think; I should say that… и др.

Образец:

St. 1: What influenced on opening this college?

St. 2: From my point of view it was because of the demands of the society.

1)Where and was it founded?

2)Who was chosen as the first dean of the faculty?

3)What political and historical events influenced its development?

4)What was the college famous for?

5)What events influenced the development of the university?

3. Продолжите высказывание вашего партнера, используя данные союзы-связки и слова и словосочетания, свойственные типу речи «рассуждение»:

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4.Просмотрите каждый абзац текста и постройте как можно больше простых предложений, например:

1) Capital University Law School is an innovator and leader of law schools.

2) The Law School is part of Capital University.

3) It is the oldest and largest independent college in Central Ohio. 4) It was founded in 1830 and incorporated in 1850.

5) Capital University's programs include a College of Arts and Sciences, a Graduate School of Administration, a Conservatory of Music and a School of Nursing.

5.Используя информацию из текста, подготовьте краткое сообщение, повествующееосновныесобытиявжизниизвестногоюриста.

6.Используя информацию из текста, подготовьте краткое сообщение, описывающие историю возникновения и становления учебного заведения.

7.Используя информацию из текста, подготовьте краткое сообщение-рассуждение, доказывающее особенность данного учебного заведения.

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КОММУНИКАТИВНО-РЕЧЕВЫЕ СИТУАТИВНО-ОБУСЛОВЛЕННЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

ВДИАЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЧЕВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

1.Как участник обсуждения «За круглым столом» выступите

ссообщением о высшем учебном заведении.

2.Выступите в дискуссии с рассуждением-доказательством тезиса об одном из высших учебных заведений.

3.Участвуйте в диалоге с обсуждением особенностей данного высшего учебного заведения юридического профиля. Выслушайте мнение партнера об известном ему юридическом колледже, факультете или университете. Сделайте заключение о том, какими возможностями располагает данное учебное заведение для того, чтобы подготовить специалистов в сфере юриспруденции высокого уровня.

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Text 44. George Washington

George Washington was commander in chief of the Continental army during the American Revolution and first president of the United States (1789-97). Born in Westmoreland County, Va., on Feb. 22, 1732, George Washington was the eldest son of Augustine Washington and his second wife, Mary Ball Washington, who were prosperous Virginia gentry of English descent.

George spent his early years on the family estate on Pope's Creek along the Potomac River. His early education included the study of such subjects as mathematics, surveying, the classics, and “rules of civility”. His father died in 1743, and soon thereafter George went to live with his half brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon, Lawrence's plantation on the Potomac. Lawrence, who became something of a substitute father for his brother, had married into the Fairfax family, prominent and influential Virginians who helped launch George's career. An early ambition to go to sea had been effectively discouraged by George's mother; instead, he turned to surveying, securing (1748) an appointment to survey Lord Fairfax's lands in the Shenandoah Valley. He helped lay out the Virginia town of Belhaven (now Alexandria) in 1749 and was appointed surveyor for Culpeper County. George accompanied his brother to Barbados in an effort to cure Lawrence of tuberculosis, but Lawrence died in 1752, soon after the brothers returned. George ultimately inherited the Mount Vernon estate.

By 1753 the growing rivalry between the British and French over control of the Ohio Valley, soon to erupt into the French and Indian War (1754-63), created new opportunities for the ambitious young Washington. He first gained public notice when, as adjutant of one of Virginia's four military districts, he was dispatched (October 1753) by Gov. Robert Dinwiddie on a fruitless mission to warn

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the French commander at Fort Le Boeuf against further encroachment on territory claimed by Britain. Washington's diary account of the dangers and difficulties of his journey, published at Williamsburg on his return, may have helped win him his ensuing promotion to lieutenant colonel. Although only 22 years of age and lacking experience, he learned quickly, meeting the problems of recruitment, supply, and desertions with a combination of brashness and native ability that earned him the respect of his superiors.

As a young man, Washington joined the Virginia militia. He and six men traveled 500 miles north to the shores of Lake Erie to deliver a message to the French – the French were ordered to stop settling land that was claimed by the British. This land dispute led to a battle in which Washington and 160 men lost to the French; this was the beginning of the French and Indian War (the British and the Colonists fought the French and some Indian tribes). After many heroic battles, Washington became a colonel and the leader of Virginia's militia. The British eventually won the French and Indian War.

Washington married Martha Custis (born June 2, 1731 – died May 22, 1802) in 1759. Martha was a rich widow who had two children, Martha "Patsy" and John "Jacky." Their home in Virginia was called Mt. Vernon. George and Martha did not have children together.

From 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Washington managed his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Like his fellow planters, Washington felt himself exploited by British merchants and hampered by British regulations. As the quarrel with the mother country grew acute, he moderately but firmly voiced his resistance to the restrictions.

When the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775, Washington, one of the Virginia delegates, was elected Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took command of his ill-trained troops and embarked upon a war that was to last six grueling years.

He realized early that the best strategy was to harass the British. He reported to Congress, "we should on all Occasions avoid a general

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Action, or put anything to the Risque, unless compelled by a necessity, into which we ought never to be drawn." Ensuing battles saw him fall back slowly, then strike unexpectedly. Finally in 1781 with the aid of French allies - he forced the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown.

Dissatisfied with the weaknesses of Articles of Confederation, in 1787 Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution. Elected as the first President of the United States in 1789, he attempted to bring rival factions together to unify the nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton's programs to pay off all state and national debt, to implement an effective tax system and to create a national bank (despite opposition from Thomas Jefferson). Washington proclaimed the U.S. neutral in the wars raging in Europe after 1793. He avoided war with Great Britain and guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795, despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although never officially joining the Federalist Party, he supported its programs. Washington's "Farewell Address" was an influential primer on republican virtue and a warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars.

Washington had a vision of a great and powerful nation that would be built on republican lines using federal power. He sought to use the national government to preserve liberty, improve infrastructure, open the western lands, promote commerce, found a permanent capital, reduce regional tensions and promote a spirit of American nationalism. At his death, Washington was hailed as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen". The Federalists made him the symbol of their party but for many years, the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence and delayed building the Washington Monument. As the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire in world history, Washington became an international icon for liberation and nationalism, especially in France and Latin America. He is consistently ranked among the top three presidents of the United States, according to polls of both scholars and the general public.

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Text 45. John Adams

John Adams was the first vicepresident and second president of the United States. He was a leader of the American Revolution, diplomat, and helped shape and defend the United States Constitution.

John Adams was born in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1735. A Harvardeducated lawyer, he early became identi-

fied with the patriot cause; a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, he led in the movement for independence.

During the Revolutionary War he served in France and Holland in diplomatic roles, and helped negotiate the treaty of peace. Though he vigorously opposed policies of the Crown, Adams was even more opposed to mob rule. He courageously and successfully defended the eight British soldiers accused of murder in the aftermath of the 1770 riot known as the "Boston Massacre." That same year he won the election to the Massachusetts General Court. In 1774, the General Court chose him to represent Massachusetts in the First Continental Congress. In his 1755 "Novanglus" essays Adams contended that Parliament had no authority to tax the colonies or pass laws regulating them.

At the Second Continental Congress in 1775, immediately following the outbreak of war, Adams nominated Washington as Continental Army general. Later, between 1775 and 1777 Adams labored mightily to equip Washington's army and to find ships and men for a navy. His 1776 Plan of Treaties shaped foreign policy for years to come.

In 1775, Adams proposed a Declaration of Independence. He also suggested, in a move to secure Virginia's allegiance to the revolutionary cause, that congress appoint Thomas Jefferson to write a draft. Adams served as one of the editors. A lifelong opponent of slavery Adams did not protest when congress cut Jefferson's condemnation of slavery from the Declaration. Both believed the cause of independence

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