1. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Определяющий критерий; цепочки взаимодействия; совокупность личностей; социальная идентичность; люди с отклонениями от нормы; открытый конфликт; быть поставленным на карту, находиться под угрозой.

2. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Contesting parties; nonviolent use of force; menacing images; to lead to deadlock; to deter; a source of social change.

3. Make an appropriate choice.

1. Recent scholarship has powerfully confirmed that revolutions usually occur

1. as the result of economic and political unrest

2. as the aftermath of wars, particularly following victory in war

3. in the aftermath of wars, especially following defeat in war

2. According to the text they are all large-scale “macro” groups EXCEPT

1. nations

2. families

3. ethnic and religious communities

3. In paragraph 4 the author states that the existence of a group also provides its individual members with a new social identity as well as creating

1. the positive identity of outsider for nonmembers

2. the negative identity of outsider for nonmembers

3. the formal identity of outsider for nonmembers

4. The word “conversion” in line 23 (§ 4) could best be replaced by

1. change

2. transmutation

3. transformation

5. The author doesn’t mention one of the following types of a conflict

1. violent

2. armed

3. social

6. The statement that “war is the locomotive of history” belongs to

1. Leon Trotsky

2. Karl Marx

3. Dennis Wrong

Text 11 marriage and the family

Should I get married? If I wait any longer, will it be too late? Will I get left out? Should I stay single or is it too lonely a life? If I get married, do I want to have children? How will it effect my marriage? These are the questions that many young adults pose to themselves as they consider their life-style options. But before we explore these life-style options, let’s examine the nature of the family life cycle.

The Family Life Cycle

As we go through life, we are at different points in the family life cycle. The stages of the family cycle include leaving home and becoming a single adult, the joining of families through marriage (the new couple), becoming parents and a family with children, the family with adolescents, the family at mid-life, and the family in later life.

Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult

Leaving home and becoming a single adult is the first stage in the family life cycle and involves launching. Launching is the process in which youths move into adulthood and exit their family of origin. Adequate completion of launching requires that the young adult separate from the family of origin without cutting off ties completely or fleeting in a reactive way to find some form of substitute emotional refuge. The launching period is a time for the youth and young adult to formulate personal life goals, to develop an identity, and to become more independent before joining with another person to form a new family. This is a time for young people to sort out emotionally what they will take along from the family of origin, what they will leave behind, and what they will create themselves into.

Complete cutoffs from parents rarely resolve emotional problems. The shift to adult-to-adult status between parents and children requires a mutually and personal form of relating, in which young adults can appreciate parents as they are, needing neither to make them into what they are not nor to blame them for what they could not be. Neither do young adults need to comply with parental expectations and wishes at their own expense.

The Joining of Families Through Marriage: The New Couple

The new couple is the second stage in the family life cycle, in which two individualsfrom separate families of origin unite to form a newfamily system. This stage involves not only the development of a new marital system, but also a realignment with extended families and friends to include the spouse. Women’s changing roles, the increasingly frequent marriage of partners from divergent cultural backgrounds, and the increasing physical distances between family members are placing a much stronger burden on couples to define their relationships for themselves than was true in the past. Marriage is usually described as the union of two individuals, but in reality it is the union of two entire family systems and the development of a new, third system. Some experts on marriage and the family believe that marriage represents such a different phenomenon for women and men that we need to speak of “her” marriage and “his” marriage. In the American society, women

have anticipated marriage with greater enthusiasm and more positive expectations than men have, although statistically it has not been a very healthy system for them.

Becoming Parents and Families with Children

Becoming parents and a family with children is the third stage in the family life cycle. Entering this stage requires that adults now move up a generation and become caregivers to the younger generation. Moving through this lengthy stage successfully requires a commitment of time as a parent, understanding the roles of parents, and adapting to developmental changes in children. Problems that emerge when a couple first assumes that parental role are struggles with each other about taking responsibility, as well as refusal or inability to function as competent parents to children.

We never know the love of our parents until we have become parents.

Henry Ward Beecher, 1887

The Family with Adolescents

The family with adolescents represents the fourth stage of the family life cycle. Adolescence is a period of development in which individuals push for autonomy and seek to develop their own identity. The development of mature autonomy and identity is a lengthy process, transpiring over at least 10 to 15 years. Compliant children become noncompliant adolescents. Parents tend to adopt one of two strategies to handle noncompliance — they either clamp down and put more pressure on the adolescent to conform to parental values, or they become more permissive and let the adolescent have extensive freedom. Neither is a wise overall strategy; a more flexible, adaptive approach is best.

Mid-Life Families

The family at mid-life is the fifth stage in the family cycle. It is a time of launching children, playing an important role in linking generations, and adapting to mid-life changes in development. Until about a generation

ago, most families were involved in raising their children for much of their adult lives until old age. Because of the lower birth rate and longer life of most adults, parents now launch their children about 20 years before retirement, which frees many mid-life parents to pursue other activities.

The Family in Later Life

The family in later life is the sixth and final stage in the family life cycle. Retirement alters a couple’s life-style, requiring adaptation. Grandparenting also characterizes many families in this stage.

Trends in Marriage

Until about 1930, the goal of a stable marriage was widely accepted as a legitimate endpoint of adult development. In the last 60 years, however, we have seen the emergence of personal fulfillment both inside and outside a marriage that competes with marriage’s stability as an adult developmental goal. The changing norm of male-female equality in marriage has produced marital relationships that are more fragile and intense than they were earlier in the twentieth century. More adults are remaining single longer in the 1990s, and the average duration of a marriage in the United States is currently just over 9 years. The divorce rate, which increased astronomically in the 1970s, has finally begun to slow down, although it still remains alarmingly high. Even with adults remaining single for longer and divorce being a frequent occurrence, Americans still show a strong predilection for marriage — the proportion of women who never marry has remained at about 7 percent throughout the twentieth century, for example.

When two people are under the influence of the most violent, most insane, most delusive, and most transient of passions, they are required to swear that they will remain in that excited, abnormal, and exhausting condition continuously until death do them part.

George Bernard Show

The sociocultural context is a powerful influence on the nature of marriage. The age at which individuals marry, expectations about what

the marriage will be like, and the developmental course of the marriage may vary not only across historical time within a given culture, but also across cultures. For example, a new marriage law took effect in China in 1981. The law sets a minimum age for marriage — 22 years for males, 20 years for females. Late marriage and late childbirth are critical efforts in China’s attempt to control population growth.

1. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Этапы семейного периода; уходить из своей семьи; оборвать полностью все связи с семьей; развивать идентичность; решать эмоциональные проблемы; действовать согласно ожиданиям и желаниям родителей.

2. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Divergent cultural backgrounds; to become caregivers to the young generation; to adapt to developmental changes in children; to push for autonomy; the lower birth rate; to pursue one’s activities.

3. Make an appropriate choice.

1. How many stages are there in a family cycle?

READ OFF! 1

Graded Reader with Exercises 1

Сборник текстов по психологии для чтения на английском языке с упражнениями 2-е издание, исправленное 1

CONTENTS 3

Text 1 19

WHY DO WE RISK IT? 19

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 19

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 19

III. Rearrange the following statements as they occur in the text. 19

(Give numbers.) 19

Text 1 20

WHY DO WE RISK IT? 20

Text 2 21

ATTRACTIVENESS IN THE DARK 21

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 22

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 22

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 22

Text 3 24

RICH AND POOR 24

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 25

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 25

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 25

Text 4 25

BRAIN AND BODY 25

I. Find English equivalent for the following words and expressions. 26

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 27

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 27

Text 5 27

BODILY COMMUNICATION 27

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 28

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 28

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 29

Text 6 29

THE FACE OF FEELING - FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND PRODUCTION OF EMOTION 29

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 31

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 31

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 31

Text 7 31

PROXEMIC COMMUNICATION 31

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 33

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 33

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 33

Text 8 34

THE JIM AND JIM TWINS 34

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 35

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 35

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 35

Text 9 36

ON ECCENTRICS AND ECCENTRICITY 36

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 37

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 37

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 38

Text 10 38

TEENAGERS: WHAT PROBLEMS? 38

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 39

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 40

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 40

Text 11 40

WHY AREN’T YOU AT SCHOOL, SONNY? 40

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 41

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 42

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 42

Text 12 42

CAN WE STOP THE BULLIES? 42

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 44

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 44

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 44

Text 13 45

ARE YOU A PROCRASTINATOR? 45

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 46

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 46

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text (Give numbers.) 46

Text 14 47

PSYCHOLOGY OF COLOUR 47

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 48

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 48

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 48

Text 15 49

THE POWER OF COLOR 49

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 50

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 51

III. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.) 51

Text 1 53

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? 53

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 55

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 55

III. Make an appropriate choice. 56

Text 2 56

CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY 56

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 58

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 58

III. Make an appropriate choice. 58

Text 3 60

OBSERVING AND IMITATING PARENTS 60

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 61

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 62

III. Make an appropriate choice. 62

Text 4 63

BRINGING UP A BETTER BABY (AND GOODBYE DR. SPOCK) 63

The Better Baby Institute 63

Cardinal Fact No. 6: “Our individual genetic potential is that of Leonardo da Yinci, Mozart, Michelangelo, Edison and Einstein.” 63

Cardinal Fact No. 26: “Tiny kids would rather learn than eat.” 64

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 65

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 65

III. Make an appropriate choice. 65

Text 5 66

The Doman “Better Baby Institute” and What Is Wrong with It 66

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 67

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 67

III. Make an appropriate choice. 67

Text 6 68

OUTSIDE THE SANDBOX 68

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 70

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 71

III. Make an appropriate choice. 71

Text 7 72

STEREOTYPES 72

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 73

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 73

III. Make an appropriate choice. 73

Text 8 74

PARENT-ADOLESCENT CONFLICT 74

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 77

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 77

III. Make an appropriate choice. 77

Text 9 78

LONELINESS 78

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 80

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 80

III. Make an appropriate choice. 80

Text 10 81

GROUP CONFLICT, ORDER AND DISORDER 81

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 85

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 85

III. Make an appropriate choice. 85

Text 11 87

MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 87

The Family Life Cycle 87

Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult 88

The Joining of Families Through Marriage: The New Couple 88

Becoming Parents and Families with Children 89

The Family with Adolescents 89

Mid-Life Families 89

The Family in Later Life 90

Trends in Marriage 90

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 91

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 91

III. Make an appropriate choice. 91

Text 12 104

JEALOUSY: A VOICE OF POSSESSIVENESS PAST 104

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 107

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 107

III. Make an appropriate choice. 107

Text 13 108

WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE HAPPIER THAN OTHERS? 108

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 110

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 110

III. Make an appropriate choice. 110

Text 14 111

UPSTAGING STAGE FRIGHT 111

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 113

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 113

III. Make an appropriate choice. 113

Text 15 114

BITTER COULD BE BETTER 114

Supertasters Provide a Clue 115

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 116

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 116

III. Make an appropriate choice. 117

Text 16 117

FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP 117

Sleep as Restorative 118

Sleep as Adaptive Inactivity 119

Sleep as an Aid to Memory 120

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 120

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 120

III. Make an appropriate choice. 120

Text 17 121

CULTIVATING CURIOSITY: DEVELOPING A SENSE OF WONDER CAN BE ITS OWN REWARD 121

I. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions. 123

II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. 123

III. Make an appropriate choice. 124

Text 1 126

SLEEP 126

Circadian Cycles: The Biological Clock 127

II. Answer the questions to the text. 143

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 143

Text 2 143

THE WORLD OF DREAMS 143

The Nature and Contents of Dreams 144

Culture and Dreams 145

II. Answer the questions to the text. 149

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 149

Text 3 149

SLEEP DISORDERS 149

Deprivation 150

Insomnia 151

Narcolepsy and Apnea 151

II. Answer the questions to the text. 165

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 166

Text 4 166

GET OVER YOURSELF! 166

The “Better” than Average Effect 166

Your Name: Nothing Sounds so Sweet 168

You Are the Thief of Memory 169

Self Chokes Man 170

In Bed with Yourself 170

II. Answer the questions to the text. 183

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 184

Text 5 184

VIEWPOINTS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 184

I. Choose the type of psychological disorders from the box to match the definition on the left. 186

II. Answer the questions to the text. 198

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 199

Text 6 200

MOOD DISORDERS 200

I. Choose the word from the box to match the definition on the left. 202

II. Answer the questions to the text. 203

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 204

Text 7 204

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER 204

I. Choose the word from the box to match the definition on the left. 207

II. Answer the questions to the text. 208

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 208

Text 8 209

THE NATURE OF STRESS 209

Stress as an Everyday Event 209

Appraisal: Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder 210

Major Types of Stress 210

Frustration 210

Conflict 211

Change 212

Table. Social Readjustment Rating Scale 213

Pressure 225

I. Choose the word from the box to match the definition on the left. 226

II. Answer the questions to the text. 238

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 239

Text 9 240

EXTREME STRESS 240

Sources of Extreme Stress 240

Unemployment and Underemployment 240

Divorce and Separation 241

Bereavement 241

Catastrophes 242

Combat and Other Threatening Personal Attacks 244

Mental trauma in societies at war 244

II. Answer the questions to the text. 258

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 258

Text 10 258

What type of therapy is most effective for depression? 258

Does Psychotherapy Work? 259

Duration of therapy and improvement 261

Which Type of Therapy Is Best for Which Disorder? 261

II. Answer the questions to the text. 274

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 275

Text 11 275

DEFINING AGGRESSION: THREE DISTINCTIONS 275

I. Choose the word from the box to match the definition on the left. 279

II. Answer the questions to the text. 291

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 291

Text 12 291

VIOLENT PRIDE 291

Pride Comes Before a Fall 293

Take a Swig, Take a Swing 294

Vanity Unfair 295

“One of the Worst” 296

What about Deep Down? 298

I. Choose the word characterizing narcissism from the box to match the definition on the left. 299

II. Answer the questions to the text. 323

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 324

Text 13 325

A Definition 325

II. Answer the questions to the text. 329

III. Prove the following statements by the facts from the text: 329

Text 14 330

ADULTHOOD 330

Cognitive Development 330

Psychosocial Development 333

I. Choose the word from the box to match the definition on the left. 334

II. Answer the questions to the text. 335

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 335

Text 15 336

WHAT IS THINKING? 336

The Search-Inference Framework 336

II. Answer the questions to the text. 352

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 353

Text 16 354

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING 354

Convergent and Divergent Thinking 355

The Creative Process 355

I. Choose the word from the box to match the definition on the left. 357

II. Answer the questions to the text. 358

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 358

Text 17 359

TOUCHING ILLUSIONS 359

Curved Touch 359

Touched in the Head? 360

Jelly or Velvet 362

I. Choose the word from the box to match the definition on the left. 363

II. Answer the questions to the text. 376

III. Choose the facts to prove that: 376

Text 18 376

SNAP JUDGMENTS 376

II. Answer the questions to the text. 393

III. Choose the facts to prove that 393

2. According to the text launching is the process in which

1. youths move into adulthood and exit their family of origin

2. youths try to overcome the conflict between identity and role confusion

3. youths comply with parental expectations

3. What is the second stage of the family cycle like?

1. It is the stage in which two individuals become parents and a family with children.

2. It is the stage in which individuals from separate famflies unite to form a new family system.

3. It is the stage in which individuals seek to develop their own identity.

4. What is the best strategy to handle a non-compliant child?

1. to put more pressure on the adolescent to conform to parental values

2. to let the adolescent have extensive freedom

3. to be more flexible towards a child

5. What is the age at which individuals can marry?

1. It varies in different cultures

2. It is the same in different countries

3. It is 20—22 years