1. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Выражение лица; недооценивать факт; передавать внутреннее состояние; принять выражение; способность кожи реагировать на стимул; выделять лица.

2. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Not under voluntary control; to portray emotions; to provoke anger; to mimic an expression; to move facial muscles voluntarily; to recall emotional memories.

3. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.)

1. Emotions are often associated with the need to behave in a certain way on very short notice.

2. Once emotion is constructed in the brain, it sends signals to the face, which assumes an expression.

3. Facial musculature and involuntarily physical response may both be so integral a part of emotions that cannot be uncoupled.

4. Emotion is organized in the brain.

5. The researches used two methods to study the link between expressions and emotions.

6. Charles Darwin argued that expressions are adaptive responses necessary for survival.

Text 7 proxemic communication

Proxemic communication (or how one uses physical space) is the fourth category of nonverbal channels in Leathers’ system. You have undoubtedly noticed how most people fall silent and don’t look at one another when they are in crowded elevators or public restrooms, for example. Edward T Hall identifies four kinds of space in his book The

Silent Language. They have been confirmed by numerous researchers since then.

1. Public distance. This type of distance is often in public speaking situations where speakers are fifteen to twenty-five or more feet from their audiences. Informal persuasion probably will not work in these circumstances. Persuaders who try to be informal in a formal situation meet with little success.

2. Social or formal distance. This type of distance is used in formal but nonpublic situations, such as interviews or committee reports. The persuader in these situations, although formal in style, need not to be oratorical. Formal distance ranges from about seven to twelve feet between persuader and persuadee. Persuaders never become chummy in this kind of situation, yet they do not deliver a “speech” either. You probably select this distance when you go to your professor’s office for a conference.

3. Personal or informal distance. Two colleagues might use this distance when discussing a matter of mutual concern. Roommates discussing a class or a problem they share use this distance. In these situations, communication is less structured than in the formal situation; both persuadee and persuader relax and interact often with each other, bringing up and questioning evidence or asking for clarification. In our culture, informal distance is about three and one- half to four feet — the eye-to-eye distance when sitting at the corner of a teacher’s desk as opposed to the formal distance created when you sit across the desk.

4. Intimate distance. People use this distance when they mutter or lovingly whisper messages they do not want others to overhear or when they are involved in a conspiratorial or other “secret” conversation. Persuasion may or may not occur in these instances; usually the message is one that will not be questioned by the receiver — he or she will nod in agreement, follow the suggestion given, or respond to the question asked. When two communicators are in this kind of close relation to one another, their aims are similar, in all probability. The distance ranges from six to eighteen inches.

How do persuaders use these distance boundaries? Are you and I vulnerable to persuasion using proxemics? The examples that surround us often escape our notice because proxemic communication is

transmitted at such a low level of awareness. Take automobile sales as an example. When customers come into a new-car showroom, imagine the results if the salesperson rushed over to them and within personal or even intimate distance asked something like, “What can I do for you folks today?” The customers would probably retreat from the showroom or at least from the salesperson, saying something like, “Well, we’re just looking around.” Clever sales representatives stay within public distance of the customer until they get an indication of interest or a verbal or nonverbal signal that the customer wants help. Only then will the salesperson move into informal or even formal distance.