Утевская Н.Л. - English Grammar Book - 2011
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Adjectives like new, /arge, round, wooden are fact adjectives. They give us objective iпformatioп about somethiпg (age, size, colour etc. ).
Adjectives like nice, beautiful are орiпiоп adjectives. They tell us what someoпe
thiпks of somethiпg.
Орiпiоп adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.
Opinion |
Fact |
Noun |
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апiсе |
suппу |
day |
delicious |
hot |
soup |
ап iпtelligeпt |
youпg |
mап |
abeautiful |
large rouпd woodeп |
tаЫе |
lf there are two or more fact adjectives, we put fact adjectives iп this order:
size с:> |
age с:> |
shape с:> |
colour |
с:> origin с:> |
material |
с:> noun |
atall |
youпg |
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girl |
Ьig |
- |
- |
grey |
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eyes |
asmall |
- |
- |
Ыuе |
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plastic |
bag |
а large |
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square |
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woodeп |
taЬie |
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aпold |
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Eпglish |
- |
soпg |
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апеw |
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Ыасk |
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woolleп |
skirt |
Adjectives of size апd leпgth (Ьig, sma/1, ta/1, short, long etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape апd width (round, thin, fat, wide etc.): а sma/1 round tаЬ/е, а ta/1 thin woman, а long white street.
The adjectives afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, as/eep, content, glad, i/1 etc. are пever followed Ьу а поuп.
The chi/d was never left а/опе.
The adjectives chief, elder, e/dest, former, indoor, inner, main, оп/у, outdoor, outer, principal, upper сап опlу Ье used before поuпs.
Не is the eldest son.
Nouпs which express purpose, material or substaпce (cotton, gold, shopping etc.) сап Ье used as adjectives before other поuпs.
1bought а new woollen hat.
Note. hair (hair like gold) but gold watch (watch made of gold), woodeп tаЫе, woolleп scarf, silk dress but silky hair, stoпe wall but stoпy look, feather pillow but feathery leaves.
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[У'(EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Put the adjectives in the correct order.
1. а Japanese/1ittle/pretty/girl
2. a(n) wedding/expensive/silk/white/dress ........... .
3. a(n) pair of leather/Ьlack/walking/old/shoes
4. a(n) English/ancient/famous/monument ............
5. а detective/new/fasciпating/French/film ........... .
6. а red/lovely/marЬle/chess set
7. а dessert/crystal/lovelyjЬowl ........... .
Exercise 11
Put the adjectives in the correct order.
1. а long/linen/cream/dress
2. а three-course/home-made/delicious/meal ........... .
3. a(n) interesting/nice/short/speech
4. Spanish/livejexcellent music
5. а round/gold/Ьig brooch
6. а grey/smartj\voollen/newjsuit
7. a(n) old/Ьlack/leather/jacket ........... .
Exercise 111
Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.
1.long hair (fair)
2.а large tаЬ!е (wooden) ........... .
3.а wide street (long)
4.а tall girl (thin)
5.а little cottage (old)
6.а good--lookiпg woman (youпg)
7.а sma\1 cat (Ьlack)
8.а beautiful dress (red) ........... .
9.an o\d shirt (cotton)
1О. а Ь!не car (little) ........... .
11. а wooden Ьох (small) ............
12.an old soпg (Italian)
13.а sunny day (nice)
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Comparison of Adjectives
There are three degrees of comparison for adjectives in English.
1)positive, which shows а simple quality: sma/1, deep, wise, hot;
2)comparative, which shows а high degree of the quality: smaller, deeper, wiser, hotter;
3)superlative, which shows the highest degree of quality: the smal/est, the deepest, the wisest, the hottest.
Notes. А noun preceded Ьу an adjective in the superlative form is generally used with the definite artic\e:
Mike is the tallest Ьоу in the family.
The comparative form is used when comparing two persons or things. The superlative form is used only when comparing three or more persons or things. Not а\1 adjectives have degrees of comparison.
Two Ways of Forming the Comparative
and the Superlative Degrees
There are two ways of forming the comparative and the superlative degrees:
а) Ьу adding -er( -г) (comparative) and -est( -st) (superlative) to the positive degree;
Ь) Ьу adding to the positive degree
тоге |
1 |
to form |
less |
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the comparative degree |
most |
1 |
to form |
least |
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the superlative degree |
Adjectives of One SyllaЬie
Most adjectives of one syllaЫe compare Ьу adding -er( -г) and -est( -st):
Positive |
Comparative_ |
Superlative |
hard |
harder |
the hardest |
Ьig |
bigger |
the biggest |
light |
lighter |
the lightest |
short |
shorter |
the shortest |
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Note 1 . lf the positive ends in two consonants or in one consonant preceded Ьу а diphthong, -егand -est are added:
small |
smaller |
the smallest |
long |
longer |
the longest |
light |
lighter |
the lightest |
bright |
brighter |
the brightest |
Note 2. lf the positive ends in one consonant preceded Ьу а short vowel, the consonant is douЫed before adding -ег and -est:
Ьig |
Ьigger |
the Ьiggest |
fat |
fatter |
the fattest |
hot |
hotter |
the hottest |
Note 3. lf the positive ends in -е, add only -г and -st:
wise |
wiser |
the wisest |
white |
whiter |
the whitest |
safe |
safer |
thesafest |
Note4.
а. lf the positive ends in -у preceded Ьу а consonant, change the -уinto -i and
add -er and -est: |
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early |
earlier |
the earliest |
pretty |
prettier |
the prettiest |
happy |
happier |
the happiest |
There are some exceptions like shy and sly: |
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shy |
shyer |
the shyest |
sly |
slyer |
the slyest |
Ь. lfthe -у is preceded Ьу а vowel, the -у is not changed:
grey |
greyer |
Н1е greyest |
gay |
gayer |
the gayest |
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Adjectives of Two SyllaЬies
1.Most adjectives of two syllaЫes compare Ьу adding тоге or less and most or leastto the positive:
famous |
more |
famous |
themost |
famous |
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less |
the least |
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active |
more |
active |
themost |
active |
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less |
the least |
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2.Adjectives of two syllaЫes with the stress оп the second syllaЫe compare like adjectives of one syllaЫe:
polite |
politer |
the politest |
sincere |
sincerer |
the sincerest |
3.Adjectives ending in -а/, -ed, -fuf, -ic, -ife, -ine, -ous form their comparative and superlative degrees Ьу adding тоге and mostto the positive:
liberal |
more liberal |
the most liberal |
learned |
more learned |
the most learned |
cheerful |
more cheerful |
the most cheerful |
magic |
moremagic |
the most magic |
fertile |
more fertile |
the most fertile |
4.Certain adjectives form their comparative and superlative in both ways, either Ьу adding -eгj-est to the positive form or Ьу taking тогеjтоst. Some of these are: cfeveг, соттоп, cruef, fгiendfy, gentfe, паггоw, p/easant, polite, shallow, siтpfe, stupid, quiet.
simple |
simpler |
the simplest |
also simple |
more simple |
the most simple |
Adjectives of Three and More SyllaЫes
Most adjectives of three or more syllaЫes compare Ьу adding тоге or fess, and тost or /east to the positive:
beautiful |
more beautiful |
the most beautiful |
courageous |
more courageous |
the most courageous |
industrious |
more industrious |
the most industrious |
interesting |
less interesting |
the least interesting |
lrregular Forms of Comparison
Some adjectives have irregular forms of comparison:
good |
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better |
the best |
bad (ill, evil) |
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worse |
theworst |
many |
more |
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much |
thernost |
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little |
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less |
the least |
А few adjectives have two forms of comparison:
far |
farther |
the farthest |
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further |
the furthest |
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late |
latter |
the last |
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later |
the latest |
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near |
nearer |
thenearest |
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thenext |
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old |
older |
theoldest |
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elder |
theeldest |
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Note 1 . Farther and farthest are used for distance; further and furthest are used to mean something additional:
The scfюol is at the farthest end of the village. Further discussion wi/1 follow.
Note 2. Later and latest are used for denoting time, latter and /ast are used for denoting order:
Did you hear the latest news?
The last edition of this book is so/d out.
Note 3. Nearest refers to distance, next is used when order is meant:
Т11е nearest town is 30 km. Соте again the next day.
Note 4. Elder and eldest are used for the people of the same tamily. 0/der and oldest are used to denote age for things and other people:
John is the eldest son of his family. lt is the oldest building in our city.
Constructions with Comparisons
а) Comparison of equals is expressed Ьу as ... as for positive comparison and not as ... as or not so ... as for negative comparison.
An арр/е is usual/y as blg as an orange. А grape is not so (as) Ьig as an orange.
Ь} Twice (five time etc) as Ьig (long etc) as ... is used to show that опе exceeds the other several times.
This route is twice as fong as that one.
We use halftl1e size |
to say |
в два раза меньше |
halfthe age |
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в два раза моложе |
half the weight |
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в два раза легче |
half as muchjmany |
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в два раза меньше |
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с) Comparison of two unequal persons or things is expressed Ьуthe comparative withthan.
Не is talleг than his Ьгоthег.
А тountain is higheг than а hi/1.
The Ыие саг is /ess expensive than the геd one.
<d) Comparison ofthree or more persons or things is expressed bythe superlative
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with the ... of or the ... in (of place ). |
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Тот is the c/eveгest Ьоу in the c/ass. |
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Ann is the pгettiest of theт а/1. |
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Sometimes two comparatives are used together. For example hагdег and |
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hагdег, тоге and тоге difficult, betteгand betteг. |
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Уоиг English is iтpгoving. lt's getting betteгand better. |
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Sometimes the construction the + comparative the betteг is used. For |
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example: |
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the sooneг the betteг. |
the Ьiggeг the betteг.
What tiтe wilf we leave?- The sooneг the betteг.
g) The... the... with two comparatives are used to say that one thing depends on anotherthing:
The еагliег we leave, the sooneг we will аггivе. The wагтег is the weatheг, the betteг 1feel.
h)Adjectives in the comparative and the superlative can Ье made more emphatic Ьу adding some words. Comparatives are preceded Ьу
much |
гораздо |
а great deal |
значительно |
а blt (little) |
немного |
still |
еще |
far |
намного |
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Superlatives are preceded Ьу
the very |
самый |
byfar |
намного, гораздо, |
and they are followed Ьу possiЬ/e, iтaginaЬ/e:
Не was fагтоге than а tгanslatoг.
England is тисh Jaгgeгthan Scotland. Уоиг flat is а gгeat dea/ betteг than тine. This text is still тоге difficult.
She is the vегу best pupil in оиг class. lt is Ьу fаг the тost difficult task.
lt is the easiest task possiЬ/e.
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Use of Some Adjectives
Much is always singular, and is used chiefly
а) in questions:
Was there тuch rain here /ast week?
Ь) in sentences with а negative sense:
1don 'tlike тuch sugar in туcoffee.
Мапуis always plural:
There are тапу children at school.
Most is preceded Ьу an adjective in the superlative degree:
This is the тost interesting story.
When а noun is preceded Ьу тost, it is used without an article and it means
большинство, большая часть:
Most students like sport.
With the indefinite article тost means крайне, весьма:
His father was а тost experienced hunter.
Few and /ittle are used
а) preceded Ьу the indefinite article when the sentence has а positive sense: lt wi/1 Ье а little boat.
А few pupils were at the concert.
Ь) v.tithout the indefinite article when the sentence has а negative sense:
We have little tiтe for breakfast. There are few people present.
~EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Write the comparative and the superlative degrees ofthe foilowing adjectives.
Great, difficult, busy, far, polite, careful, deep, bad, dirty, clever, quick, little, different, young, comfortaЬ!e, narrow, pretty, sad, Ьig, happy, old, late, heavy, nice, dry, fat, ugly, joyful, yellow, sweet, near.
Exercise 11
Open the brackets using the comparative or the superlative degree wherever necessary.
1. It's autumn; every day the air becomes (cold), the leaves (yellow). 2. This is the (beautiful) view 1 have ever seen in my life. 3. Your is now (good) than it was last year; but still it is not so good as Pete 's handwriting. Не
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has the (good) haпdwriting of all. 4. Are there (таnу) thaп two rooms iп your |
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new flat? 5. The weather got (bad) апd (bad) every day. 6. His age was fifty; he |
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~looked several years (old). 7. Не is nшch (good) поw tl1an yesterday. 8. Oh, you
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are (wonderful), you're (wonderful) girl iп the whole wor\d. 9. Не was (huпgry) thaп he had ever Ьееп in his lif'e. 10. The twenty-second of December is the (shoti) day ofthe year.
Exercise 111
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Open the brackets usiпg the comparative or thc superlative degree. |
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1. lron is (useful) of all metals. 2. The Neva is (wide) and (deep) thaп the |
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~Moskva River. 3. E1brus is the (high) peak iп the Caucasian mountaiпs. 4. His рlап is (practical) than yours. 5. This room is (small) thaп all the rooms in the house. 6. Silver is (heavy) thaп copper. 7. Our house is (low) thaп yours.
8.This exercise is (good) thaп the last оне. 9. Yesterday was the (hot) day \УС have had this summer. 1О. Му (old) brother John is two years (old) thaп 1 am.
11.The game of (iraugltts is (easy) thaп chess. 12. Thcre is (little) suпshiпe this sumrner thaп Iast year. 13. lt was (good) concert 1 had ever attended.
14.Your sister is (old) than you, she is the (old) child in tl1e family. 15. Му composition was (good), Mike's was а good deal (good), but Tom's was the (good) of all pнpils.
Exercise IV
Use the correct form ofthe adjectivc iп brackets.
1.1 wonder what his... action is going to Ье (near).
2.The ... future will see this part ofthe desert turпed into а flourishiпg oasis (near).
3.1 have no one... thaп you (near).
4.Апd they got dowп to busiпess without ...de\ay (far).
5.ln the ...eпd ofthe exhiЬitioп hall we saw а group ofyoung people engaged in
аhot discussioп (far).
6.Take this road. lt is no ...and much more p\easaпt (far).
7.The ... brother was tweпty years... thaп the youпgest (old).
8.l always admired ту... twin brotl1er апd looked up to him though he was
опlу two hours my seпior (old).
9.Who are the ... members ofthe с!нЬ (old)?
10.l've got а still... editioп of'the book (old).
11.ls there а... traiп passiпg here (late)?
12.It was the ... thing l had expected ofllim (late).
13.Wlшt is tl1e ... news (late)?
14.We were in а hurry to catch а... bus (late).
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Exercise V |
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Write tl1e missing forms of adjectives. |
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little |
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'com~~rative |
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worse |
further |
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--- · ----- |
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";Supe~:Iative |
best |
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farthest |
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;Yt ,,-, |
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near |
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older |
later |
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"su~;~lati~e |
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eldest |
last |
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Exercise Vl |
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Compare the objects according to the given model. |
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Model |
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А winter coat ... а mackintosh. (warm) |
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Аwinter coat is warmer than а mackintosh.
Аmackintosh is not so warm as а winter coat.
1.А lemon ... an orange. (sour)
2.The Вlack Sea ... the Baltic Sea. (beautiful)
3.The Chinese language ... the French language. (difficult)
4.А lane ... а street. (narrow)
5.Copper wire ... iron wire. (flexiЬle)
6.The fur of а fox ... the fш of а squirrel. (expensive)
7.Oil ... water. (light)
8.Honey ... sugar. (sweet)
9.Stone ... wood. (heavy)
10.А diamond ... а sapphire. (valuaЬle)
Exercise Vll
Complete the sentences.
l. Our school is as ... as ... 2. The temperature today is as ... as it was yesterday.
3. Не is not so ... as he looks. 4. Нis radio set is not so ... as ... 5. She is as ...
as her sister. 6. The weather in winter is not so ... as ... 7. Му friend is as ... as
... 8. She does not work as ... as ... 9. This street is as ... as ... 10. Our town is
not so ... as ...
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