- •Chest Imaging
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Educational Support and Funding
- •Acknowledgments
- •Contents
- •Fundamentals > Chest Primer Presentation
- •Chest X-Ray Interpretation Self-Study Instructions
- •Using the RoboChest Website
- •Decision Tree Algorithms to Help Solidify Concepts
- •References
- •Comprehensive Review of Search Patterns
- •Search Pattern Mnemonic
- •Interpretive Approach to CXR
- •Applying the Mnemonic to the Search Pattern
- •Chest Primer Presentation
- •References
- •Introduction and Terminology
- •Chest Imaging Terminology
- •Mach Effect on CXR
- •Trachea and Lungs on CXR
- •Mediastinal Anatomy on CXR
- •The Hilum (Plural: Hila)
- •Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
- •Normal Lung Markings
- •Vessel Size
- •Quiz Yourself: Mediastinum Lines, Edges
- •Shoulder Anatomy
- •Reference
- •Abnormal Lung Parenchyma
- •Mass
- •Mass Considerations
- •Size
- •Mass Characteristics
- •Malignancy
- •Case 4.1
- •Metastatic
- •Case 4.2
- •Bronchial Carcinoid
- •Radiological Signs
- •Case 4.3
- •Granulomatous Disease
- •Infectious Granulomatous Disease
- •Case 4.4
- •Non-infectious Granulomatous Disease
- •Benign Neoplasm
- •Hamartoma
- •Case 4.6
- •Congenital Abnormality
- •Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations
- •Case 4.7
- •Consolidation
- •Consolidative Radiological Findings/Distribution
- •Consolidative Model
- •Blood (Hemorrhage)
- •Case 4.8
- •Pus (Exudate)
- •Case 4.9
- •Case 4.10
- •Water (Transudate)
- •Pulmonary Edema
- •Case 4.11
- •Case 4.12
- •Protein (Secretions)
- •Case 4.13 (see Figs. 4.38 and 4.39)
- •Cells (Malignancy)
- •Interstitial
- •Radiological Signs
- •Linear Form: Lines
- •Case 4.14
- •Nodular Form: Dots
- •Case 4.15
- •Reticulo-Nodular Form
- •Pneumoconiosis
- •Case 4.16
- •Case 4.17
- •Destructive Fibrotic Lung
- •Case 4.18
- •Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
- •Case 4.19
- •Vascular Pattern
- •Normal Pulmonary Vascular Anatomic Review
- •Radiological Signs in the Vascular Pattern
- •Mechanism
- •Vascular Examples
- •Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
- •Case 4.20
- •Pulmonary Venous Congestion
- •Pulmonary Venous Congestion: Edema
- •Emphysema
- •Airway (Bronchial) Patterns
- •Complete Obstruction
- •Lobar Atelectasis (Collapse)
- •Signs
- •Lobar Atelectasis Patterns
- •Complete Obstruction: Case Study
- •Partial Obstruction
- •Radiological Signs
- •Bronchial Wall Thickening
- •Bronchial Wall Thickening Causes
- •Bronchial Wall Thickening Model
- •Bronchiolar
- •Case 4.21
- •References
- •Pleural Effusion
- •Case 5.1
- •Technique and Positioning Revisited
- •Case 5.2
- •Comparison of Effusions over Time
- •Loculated Fluid/Pseudotumor
- •Case 5.3
- •Case 5.4
- •Thickening
- •Pneumothorax
- •Fluid and Air
- •Analogous Model
- •References
- •Anterior Mediastinal Mass
- •Case 6.1
- •Middle Mediastinal Mass
- •Posterior Mediastinal Mass
- •Case 6.2
- •Mediastinal Enlargement
- •Case 6.3
- •Reference
- •Case 7.1
- •Lines and Tubes
- •References
- •Appendix
- •Appendix 1: Glossary and Abbreviations
- •Appendix 2: Sources and Additional References
- •Text Sources
- •Image Sources
- •Additional References
- •Chest Imaging References
- •Chest Imaging Online References
- •Index
Contents
1 Introduction, Development of the Algorithm, RoboChest |
|
Introduction, Additional Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
Fundamentals > Chest Primer Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
2 |
Chest X-Ray Interpretation Self-Study Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
2 |
Using the RoboChest Website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
Parenchymal Diagnostic Algorithm (Chest Imaging Diagnostic Algorithm). . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
Decision Tree Algorithms to Help Solidify Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
2 Search Pattern, Interpretive Approach, Basic Anatomy and Fundamentals . . . . . . |
9 |
Comprehensive Review of Search Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9 |
Search Pattern Mnemonic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
Interpretive Approach to CXR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
Applying the Mnemonic to the Search Pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
11 |
Chest Primer Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
13 |
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
13 |
3 Normal Chest X-Ray, Terminology and Radiographic Anatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
Introduction and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
Chest Imaging Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
Mach Effect on CXR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
Trachea and Lungs on CXR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
Mediastinal Anatomy on CXR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
19 |
The Hilum (Plural: Hila) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
20 |
Pulmonary Arteries and Veins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
27 |
Normal Lung Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
27 |
Vessel Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
Quiz Yourself: Mediastinum Lines, Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
Shoulder Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
|
xv |
xvi |
Contents |
4 Abnormal Lung Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 33 |
Abnormal Lung Parenchyma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 33 |
Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 33 |
Mass Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 34 |
Malignancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 36 |
Granulomatous Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 42 |
Inßammation (Non-granulomatous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 47 |
Benign Neoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 47 |
Congenital Abnormality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 49 |
Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 50 |
Consolidative Radiological Findings/Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 51 |
Consolidative Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 52 |
Blood (Hemorrhage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 55 |
Pus (Exudate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 57 |
Water (Transudate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 59 |
Protein (Secretions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 62 |
Cells (Malignancy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 63 |
Interstitial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 63 |
Radiological Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 66 |
Linear Form: Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 66 |
Nodular Form: Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 67 |
Reticulo-Nodular Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 72 |
Destructive Fibrotic Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 76 |
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 78 |
Vascular Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 78 |
Normal Pulmonary Vascular Anatomic Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 78 |
Vascular Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 80 |
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 80 |
Pulmonary Venous Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 86 |
Emphysema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 87 |
Airway (Bronchial) Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 87 |
Complete Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 89 |
Partial Obstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 93 |
Bronchial Wall Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 96 |
Bronchiolar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 99 |
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 105 |
5 Abnormalities Involving the Pleura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 107 |
Pleural Effusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 107 |
Case 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 107 |
Technique and Positioning Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 107 |
Case 5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 109 |
Comparison of Effusions over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 109 |
Loculated Fluid/Pseudotumor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 112 |
Case 5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 112 |
Case 5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 112 |
Contents |
xvii |
Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Pneumothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Fluid and Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Analogous Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
CalciÞed Plaque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6 Abnormal Mediastinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Anterior Mediastinal Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Case 6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Middle Mediastinal Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Posterior Mediastinal Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Case 6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Mediastinal Enlargement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Case 6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7 Abnormal Bones, Soft Tissue, and Other Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Case 7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Lines and Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Appendix 1: Glossary and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Appendix 2: Sources and Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Chapter 1
Introduction, Development
of the Algorithm, RoboChest
Introduction, Additional Tools
The Chest X-Ray (CXR, or chest radiograph) remains one of the most commonly ordered imaging study in medicine, yet paradoxically is the most complex. The CXR is difficult to learn, recall, and master effective and accurate interpretation. The chest radiograph is difficult to interpret, especially in critical care where there are usually multiple findings. The chest radiograph includes all thoracic anatomy and provides a high yield, given the low cost and single source.
I would like to point out up front that this work was partially motivated by David S. Feigin, MD, now a professor of radiology at Johns Hopkins University. He is responsible for the systematic analysis of chest radiographs that forms the basis of much of the content of this volume. While a faculty member at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), he created the Systematic Approach to Pulmonary Abnormalities, which became the scientific content of RoboChest that is used here. He also is responsible for the original Search Pattern for Chest Radiographs, which I have expanded and embellished in this volume, framed in a mnemonic for easy recollection. Dr. Feigin also authored many of the definitions of chest radiology terms that are incorporated herein. Some of the radiographs and other images in this volume are from his collection, including images from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, UCSD, the San Diego Veterans Administration Hospital, and USU. I would also like to point out that the work by Squire and Novelline provided the foundation of the systematic diagnostic approach to radiology. [1]
This book is organized by categories of findings that can be seen on the CXR. This material is presented using a directory structure to allow students and residents to dig as deep into details as they like on a topic at hand. In my experience teaching medical students, they seem to recall information more effectively and longer when presented in chunked information segments in a pedagogical fashion. When patterns are repeated, recall is easier from day one; the mindset is prepared for a systematic approach. Otherwise, the CXR remains elusive and often avoided in fear of getting lost in the interpretive process. This book and format should provide a foundation and starting point for fearlessly navigating the CXR consistently from the beginning.
When referring to images or links mentioned in this guide, go to the appropriate webpage using the navigation headings such as the following:
L.R. Folio, Chest Imaging, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1317-2_1, |
1 |
© Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. 2012 |
|