Пособия / english-for-builders-and-architects

drink or bathe in the product! We consider it dangerous to label a wood stain as non-toxic.”

How can you know you’re getting an eco-friendly stain? The best way is to ask to see the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) on the product. Stores are required to keep a sheet on file for every coating product they sell.

The MSDS will also list the percentage of hazardous ingredients, which should be below 10% %. Any wood stain or sealer marked flammable is most likely not eco-friendly. Ideally, clean up should involve only soap and water. The mineral spirits needed to clean your tools and equipment after using flammable oil based stains or sealers are certainly toxic.

21 Topics for projects and presentations:

1.Types of paints and their properties.

2.Qualities of a good paint.

3.Siding stain.

4.Classification of varnishes.

5.Colour perception.

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in 3-–5 sentences.

Read the following passages and compare your ideas:

1.The main purpose of the foundation is to distribute the structural load over a large bearing area without causing bearing capacity failure and excessive settlement to obtain a level and hard strata or bed for building operations to increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

2.A good strong foundation ensures good strong stable ground for a good strong and lasting structure. If you build a house on sand and the sand around one of the corners of the house washes away due to rain water falling off your building the building will begin to sink in that corner and the result will eventually begin cascading further along the buildings edges and sides until the entire building is consumed by leaning caused by unstable ground.

3.При наших совсем не «плюсовых» зимах слой грунта сверху промерзает. Вода, содержащаяся в нем, замерзает и расширяется. И грунт вспучивается, в зависимости от количества воды в его замерзшем слое. Коэффициент расширения у сильнопучинистых грунтов иногда достигает 12% %, а обычно – около 10% %. Это означает, что при глубине промерзания 1,7 м грунт может приподняться на 10-15 см. Чтобы эти зимние вспучивания не разрушили или не перекосили дом, и нужен фундамент.

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3.iii. Wind loads. These are the pressures on the walls and roof from the wind. The pressure from wind loads on foundations is more important in tall buildings.

The artificial foundation lies between the natural foundation and the building. Its purpose is to transfer the building loads to the soil and spread the load evenly across soil that can support the load.

When choosing the correct type of artificial foundation the following conditions should be considered:

1.1)the load-bearing capability of the ground;

2.2)the depth where the suitable load-bearing soil can be founded; 3.3)the distance from trees which can affect the stability of the soil; 4.4)the level of the water table;

5.5)the normal variation in the water table;

6.6)the total weight of the building. If the building is heavier than the soil that was removed, then there will be some settlement as the soil adjusts to the new load.

Although concrete is the preferred material for the construction of the artificial foundations, the form will depend on the specific conditions of the building and environment.

Types of Foundation

Many small buildings are constructed with load-bearing walls on strip foundations. But the soil requires alternative types of foundation which are:

-– concrete strip foundation; -– deep strip foundation; -– raft foundation;

-– piled foundation; -– pad foundation;

-– stepped strip foundation.

5 Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-–5): c)1. Give the definition of the term “foundation”.

d)2. What building loads does artificial foundation carry? e)3. What is the purpose of artificial foundation?

f)4. What are the principle conditions when choosing the correct type of a foundation?

g)5. What types of foundations have you read about?

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concrete strip is usually a uniform width and depth.

Figure 8.2. Concrete Strip Foundation

The foundation must be wide and deep enough to avoid

soil movement that could cause 3) _____. Depending on STABLE soil conditions, the maximum depth may be 900 mm.

Building regulations may suggest the 4) ) ____ minimum SUIT width for strip foundations. The concrete must be at least

as thick as its projection from the base of the wall. This ensures that the pressures of the building loads are distributed in the concrete at an angle of 45°.

The deep strip foundation in Fig. 8.3 is a 5) _____ of VARY strip foundations. Deep strip foundations are usually dug

out with a mechanical 6) _____, which cuts a narrow

trench that is backfilled with concrete up to ground level. EXCAVATE These foundations use more concrete, but reduce the cost

of masonry walls and may remove the need for timber support for the trenches.

Figure 8.3. Deep Strip FoundaFigure 8.4. Raft Foundation

tion

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