Пособия / english-for-builders-and-architects

22

LEAD-IN

1.1 What is “architecture”?Read the following information and compare your answer:

Architecture is often considered to be the oldest and the most useful of the fine arts, as in some respect it is a prerequisite for the other arts. Architecture can be defined, albeit unsatisfactorily, in four different ways. It is the art and method of erecting structures; it is a planned entity; it is a body or corpus of work; it is a way to build. An observer of architecture will note that it meets requirements on functional, technological, and aesthetic levels. Throughout history, architecture has been studied through buildings that have been substantial enough to survive the test of time.

22 a) What architectural styles do you know? Define “architectural style” as you see it:

From the olden days till date, the architectural styles have undergone a massive change. When one studies the different architectural styles, one can understand the kind of creativity that existed since the ancient days. Modern architects often look up to the olden styles of architecture, which continue to inspire professionals in terms of their design and functionality. Here are the descriptions of different architectural styles.

•techniques of working •wonder of the world •recalcitrant stones •temple •badly corroded but still impressive •enriched with statuary •notable monuments •superimposed terraces

b)

2.Read the text quickly and check your answers:

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

During the Old Kingdom, the period when Egypt was ruled by the Kings of the 3d to 6th Dynasties, artists and craftsmen were drawn to the court to work under the patronage of the king and his great nobles. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal made tremendous progress, demonstrated by surviving large scale monuments, such as the pyramids of the 4th Dynasty and the sun temples built by the 5th Dynasty kings. The pyramids of the 4th Dynasty are the most spectacular of all the funerary works and the only remained wonder of the world. These monuments celebrated the divinity of the kings of Egypt, linking the people with the great gods of earth and sky.

This was a time when trade and the economy flourished. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials which were often brought great distances, and were able to experiment with recalcitrant stones as well as new techniques of metalworking. This enabled them by the 6th Dynasty to produce large metal figures. The earliest that survive are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son, found at Hierakonpolis. Made c. 2330 BC they are badly corroded but still impressive in their stiffly formal poses. The eyes are inlaid, and the crown and the kilt of the king, now missing, were probably originally made of gilded plaster.

During the prosperous period known as the middle kingdom fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders, and new areas of land were brought under cultivation. Craftsmen achieved new levels of excellence. Very little architecture remains – many royal monuments were robbed for their stone in later periods – but what has survived shows great simplicity and refinement. The example is the pyramid of Sesostris I at Lisht.

The establishment of the 18th Dynasty marked the beginning of the New Kingdom and a new blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient Egypt. Craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civilizations, such as those of Crete and Mesopotamia, and were also to work with imported raw materials.

26

c)It was forbidden for craftsmen to use the finest materials in their work.

2.The copper statues of Pepi I and his son are still impressive.

a)These statues were made of stone;

b)The copper statues of Pepi I and his son have nit survived;

c)These statues have the power of affecting and gaining attention and feeling.

3.Fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders of ancient Egypt.

a)Fortresses were built in the west of ancient Egypt ;

b) Fortresses were erected to protect the southern and eastern boundaries of ancient Egypt;

c)During the Middle Kingdom many fortresses were built.

4.The beginning of the new kingdom is associated with the blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient Egypt.

a)This was a period of stagnation in the history of arts;

b)In this period craftsmen and artists were ordered great temples and palaces to be built throughout Egypt;

c)During the New Kingdom the arts and crafts flourished.

5.The Ptolomies built numerous temples of traditional style.

a)Numerous palaces were built by the Ptolomies;

b)Many traditional temples were constructed under the Ptolomies;

c)Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the lings of the 4th Dynasty.

8 Give the English equivalents to the following and use them in small situations:

художники и ремесленники; под покровительством царя и знати; храмы солнца; достигать новых вершин мастерства; расцвет искусств и ремесел; поощрять художников и ремесленников; достижения, прославляющие царей и могущество богов; погребальный храм царицы Хатшепсут; преемники Александра Великого; расцвет торговли и экономики; внутреннее святилище; килт короля; защищать южные и восточные границы; храмы, сделанные в традиционном стиле.

28

central 7) _____. Independent apartments had separate 8) _____ with direct access to the street.

The Latin word villa pertained to an estate, complete with house, grounds, and 9) _____ buildings. Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, began about AD 123, was a sumptuous 10) _____ with parks and gardens on a large scale.

court, tenements, houses, residence, suites, colonnaded, subsidiary, exterior, entrances, design

11 Fill in the gaps with derivatives of the words in capitals:

ROMAN ARCITECTURE

Part III