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.pdf2.Describe in detail the main features of the export documents which you have inserted in 1.
3.What assistance does SITPRO provide in the understanding of export documentation?
4.What are the purposes of a bill of lading?
5.Why is it crucial to have a clean bill of lading? What consequences does a claused B/L have?
6.Number the following events in the right order and report on the stages of issuing the B/L.
a) The consignment is loaded aboard the ship. |
e) The shippers get blank bill of lading forms from the |
|
shipping company. |
|
|
b) The shippers complete the bills of lading. |
f) The shipping company sends the bill of lading to |
|
the exporters or their bank. |
c) The importers or their agent present the bill of |
g) The bank sends the B/L to the importer. |
lading to the shipping company. |
|
|
|
d) The shipping company hands over the consignment |
h) The shipping company signs the B/L. |
to the agents in the importing country. |
|
7.What kinds of B/L are these?
1)Consignee: P. Brown or order.
2)Bulk cargo to be sent from London to Copenhagen via Hamburg.
3)Case No. 5 missing.
4)Goods in Novorossiysk awaiting shipment.
5)Consignee – P. Smith.
6)Goods received in apparent good order.
7)Goods shipped and waiting to depart.
8)Container to be sent from London to Paris via Dover.
9)Part-loads shipped by the Forwarding Agency.
8.Discuss different types of invoices with your partner.
9.Match the organisations with their uses of invoices.
1) |
The exporters |
need(s) invoices to |
2) |
The exporter’s bank |
a) calculate import duties. |
3) |
The Customs in the importing country |
b) keep records. |
4) |
The receiving agents in the port of discharge |
c) effect payment. |
5) |
The importers |
d) clear the goods through Customs. |
|
|
|
10.What is the certificate of origin? Why is it a significant export document?
11.Read each statement and decide whether it is true or false. Clarify your point of view.
1)The Standard Shipping Note is used for documenting dangerous goods transportation.
2)The Shipping Instructions Form is sometimes known as a shipping note.
3)The shipping instruction for a container transport company has much more detail on it.
4)The aim of groupage service is to save freight space especially if the goods can be put into one container.
5)If you are going to carry valuables or live animals, you are to complete a SSN.
6)The B/L cannot be negotiated.
7)It is common practice to consolidate several consignments onto one B/L.
8)Unavoidable defects must be agreed upon before signing the contract.
9)The commercial invoice is a crucial component of certain terms of payment.
10)The pro-forma invoice is an invoice issued before an order is placed or before the goods are delivered giving all the details and the cost of the goods.
11)The customs invoice is absolutely similar to the commercial invoice.
12)Obtaining the consular invoice requires a lot of effort.
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LANGUAGE STUDY
1. Match the technical terms given on the left with their Russian equivalents on the right.
1) order form |
a) таможенные документы |
2) documents of dispatch |
b) бланк требования, бланк заказа |
3) shipping documents |
c) документы об отправке |
4) customs forms |
d) отгрузочные документы |
5) waybill |
e) именная накладная |
6) commercial invoice |
f) накладная на провоз товаров в контейнере |
7) customs invoice |
g) предварительный счёт |
8) pro-forma invoice |
h) сборная накладная |
9) certificate of origin |
i) накладная на груз, принятый на борт судна |
10) customs entry |
j) коносамент (морская транспортная накладная) |
11) bill of lading |
k) сертификат о происхождении товара |
12) order B/L |
l) коммерческий (торговый) счет-фактура |
13) straight B/L |
m) таможенная накладная |
14) through B/L |
n) внутренняя накладная |
15) groupage B/L |
o) сквозная накладная |
16) received B/L |
p) таможенная декларация |
17) on-board B/L |
r) накладная на проверенный, но не погруженный товар |
18) container B/L |
s) ордерный коносамент |
19) house B/L |
t) транспортная накладная |
20) mate’s receipt |
u) лицо, контролирующее погрузку/разгрузку товаров и |
|
сверяющее погруженное/выгруженное количество с |
|
количеством, указанным в сопроводительных доку- |
|
ментах; тальман |
21) tallyman |
v) штурманская расписка |
2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.
1) stow |
a) according to a buyer’s specifications |
2) book |
b) unite or be united |
3) ‘to order’ |
c) sign (one’s name) on the back of (a cheque, etc.) to |
|
specify oneself as payee |
4) consolidate |
d) reserve (a place, passage, etc.) or engage the services of |
|
(a performer, driver, etc.) in advance |
5) endorse |
e) fill by packing |
6) apparent |
f) (of a bill of exchange, bill of lading, promissory note, |
|
etc.) legally transferable in title from one party to another |
7) negotiable |
g) readily seen or understood; evident |
8) foul |
h) a spot or discoloration |
9) stain |
i) a hollow or dip in a surface, as one made by pressure or a |
|
blow |
10) dent |
j) charged with or full of dirt or offensive matter; filthy; not |
|
in accordance with accepted standards or established rules |
11) split |
k) make lawful |
12) consulate |
l) separate into layers |
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13) legalise |
m) declare or affirm (a statement) as true esp. by invoking a |
|
deity, etc., as witness |
14) swear |
n) the business premises or residence of a consul |
3.Replace the italicised word combinations using the correct forms of the words in 1 and 2.
1)The government must provide evidence why it has made it legal to increase taxes.
2)The cargo is to be placed into the hold according to the principle ‘first in – last out’ .
3)When crossing the border, you have to fill in all the formats required by the customs.
4)The ship separated apart on the reef.
5)The person who supervises loading/unloading and checks the goods on the quay is to hand over the tally sheet to the ship’s first officer.
6)Cases with marks and dips are not allowed.
7)Packing the cargo in a container together with other cargoes decreases the freight rate significantly.
8)Claused bills of lading may result in the inability of the exporter’s bank to get payment.
9)Exporters asserted that the goods arrived in obvious good order and condition.
10)The company should have ordered the space on the vessel in advance.
4.Give brief definitions to the various documents in 1 in English. Explain their contents to a non-expert.
5.Complete the following sentences using suitable words for each space.
Commercial invoices contain all the details of export transactions including a list of _____, the value of the order, export _____, terms of payment and sometimes, detailed _____ of costs. All this information is _____ by the organisations concerned with the _____ transaction. These are insurance companies, exporters, _____, banks and the Customs. Invoices are _____ by exporters and importers as records _____ transactions. Banks use them to effect _____. The Customs use them to calculate
_____ taxes. Insurance companies use them to _____ the values of consignments. The amount of detail required on an invoice varies from one importing country to another. The _____ for each country may be found in Croner’s Reference Book for Exporters. Exporters _____ their invoices with the other shipping _____ to their bank so that their ______ may present them to the paying _____ for payment.
CONTRACTING
Read the extracts from the Notification of Shipment Clause in the Contract of Sale and do the comprehension task below.
Notification of Shipment
1.The Sellers are to inform the Buyers by cable or telex not later than 50 days before the date of readiness of the equipment for loading on board the ship at the port of _____ specifying the total gross weight and volume in cubic metres of the consignment to be shipped. On receipt of the said notification, the Buyers are to advise the Sellers of the port of shipment, the name of the vessel and the date of its arrival in the port not later than 10 days before the arrival of the vessel in the port of shipment.
2.If in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Contract the equipment is delivered to the port of shipment but due to reasons beyond the Sellers’ control is not loaded on board the vessel or the vessel does not arrive by the time fixed, the Sellers undertake to secure safe storage of the equipment in the port of shipment within 20 days of the date of delivery of the equipment to the port of shipment at their own expense. Upon expiration of the period of time stated above, the equipment before it is loaded on board the ship is to be stored for the Buyers’ account. The above stated does not, however, release the Sellers from payment of expenses connected with the delivery of the equipment on FOB terms.
3.The following documents are to be sent to the Buyers with the Captain’s mail: manifest, two originals and two copies of specified invoices and three copies of sketches for the oversized, very long or heavy packages.
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4. If the Sellers fail to deliver the equipment to the port of shipment wholly or partially by the time stated in Clause … and fail to notify the Buyers about it within 20 days of the dispatch date of the notification, all expenses connected with the dead freight or demurrage will be charged to the Sellers’ account. The Sellers shall pay the Buyers the penalty at the rate of 0.1 per cent of the value of the shipped equipment for non-notification or late notification of the effected dispatch of the equipment.
Comprehension
1.What data do the Sellers usually communicate to the Buyers when the goods are ready for shipment?
2.What is notification of shipment?
3.When is it the Sellers’ responsibility to store the goods in the port if the vessel does not arrive
on time?
4.When is it the Buyers’ responsibility to store the goods in the port if the vessel does not arrive
on time?
5.What happens if the Sellers fail to notify the Buyers of the effected dispatch of the goods?
6.Explain the essence of the clause to a non-expert.
RENDERING
Read the text about shipping cargoes and render it in English.
Контрактные условия транспортировки товаров или грузов
Транспортные условия доставки грузов покупателю – важный раздел контракта. Покупателю необходимо знать запланированное и фактическое время отгрузки товара для того, чтобы он мог своевременно позаботиться о его приемке и, если необходимо, о дальнейшей транспортировке. Поэтому в контракте обычно предусматривается обязанность продавца уведомить покупателя о готовности товара к отгрузке, о произведенной отгрузке, а также устанавливается порядок выполнения этой обязанности. В контракте обычно определяется срок, исчисляемый числом дней до начала срока поставки, в течение которого продавец обязан по оперативным средствам связи уведомить покупателя в соответствующей форме о готовности товара к отгрузке. Уведомление совершается путем вручения или передачи средствами связи покупателю документов, отвечающих условиям контракта.
Покупатель, как правило, имеет время на уведомление продавца о том, что он принимает документы. Если в контракте установлено, что местом поставки будет склад продавца, то продавец должен сообщить о готовности товара не тогда, когда товар изготовлен, а тогда, когда он будет подготовлен для сдачи. Если продавец принимает на себя обеспечение перевозки, он обязан немедленно после отгрузки или в течение срока, установленного в договоре, послать покупателю по телеграфу извещение об отгрузке. Часто в этом пункте контракта дается перечень отгрузочных документов, которые продавец обязан представить покупателю в установленные сроки.
В транспортных условиях контракта предусматриваются: вид и способ, а также сроки транспортировки груза; наименование перевозчика; наименование пункта/порта погрузки/выгрузки товара, пункта перевалки, пункта передачи груза; выбор проформы чартера, коносамента, иного перевозочного документа для оформления договора/контракта перевозки; порядок уведомления о приходе транспорта на место или судна в порт погрузки/выгрузки и определение готовности судна к выполнению грузовых операций.
Условия, обеспечивающие выполнение контракта и применение санкций по нему:
•положения, содержащие гарантии защиты интересов контрагентов от нарушения контракта одной из сторон; обычно содержат определения санкций в виде пени, неустойки, штрафов, уплачиваемых стороной, не выполнившей своих обязательств в отношении одного из условий контракта;
•порядок страхования транспортного риска;
•нормы погрузки/выгрузки и порядок исчисления сталийного времени;
•условия назначения транспортных экспедиторов, стивидоров и судовых агентов;
•ставки, условия и порядок оплаты перевозчику демерреджа и диспача;
•дополнения к контракту.
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Не все условия обязательно записываются в текст контракта. Часть транспортных условий применяется по умолчанию и вытекает из условий поставки, например, если таковые указаны в ИНКОТЕРМС.
Транспортировка товаров и грузов осуществляется по отдельным контрактам, заключаемым с перевозчиком стороной, указанной в условиях контракта на поставку товаров. Такие контракты имеют ряд особенностей для каждого из видов перевозок и учитывают сложившиеся обычаи. В значительной мере они формализованы и представляют собой хорошо отработанные формуляры, пригодные для автоматизированной обработки в информационных компьютерных сетях.
Unit 6
PACKING AND MARKING
DISCUSSION
How much do you know about packing and marking? Discuss the following points with your partner.
•Reasons for packing and marking cargoes.
•Packing requirements.
•Marking requirements.
READING
PACKING AND MARKING IN CARGO TRANSPORTATION
Key concepts and terms
Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
1) packing |
a) wrapping in which a product is offered for sale |
2) packaging |
b) the act of one who, or that which packs; material used to cushion |
|
packed goods |
3) marking |
c) price of sending goods by sea |
4) label |
d) the act of one who, or that which, marks; the mark or marks made |
5) freight charge |
e) incapable of being erased or obliterated |
6) handling |
f) a trademark or company or brand name on certain goods; a piece of |
|
paper, card, or other material attached to an object to identify it or give |
|
instructions or details concerning its ownership, use, nature, |
|
destination, etc.; tag |
7) trans-shipment |
g) the business of selling goods to retailers in larger quantities than |
|
they are sold to final consumers but in smaller quantities than they are |
|
purchased from manufacturers |
8) retailing |
h) the act of picking up, turning over, or touching something; the |
|
process by which a commodity is packaged, transported, etc. |
9) pilferage |
i) the sale of goods individually or in small quantities to consumers |
10) dimensions |
j) the act or practice of stealing small quantities or articles |
11) miscarriage |
k) a measurement of the size of something in a particular direction, |
|
such as the length, width, height, or diameter |
12) indelible paint |
l) the failure of freight to reach its destination |
13) wholesaling |
m) moving goods from one mode of transport to another |
|
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Text 6.1. Read the text and discuss the significance of packing and marking in international
trade.
The Essence of Packing and Marking
Who is Responsible for Proper Packing and Marking
Packing and marking are matters of great importance in overseas trade where goods transported by sea are exposed to greater risks than in home trade when they travel by land or air transport. In overseas trade there are the hazards of transshipment, sea water, rough handling, etc. The packing instructions of the customer must, therefore, be carefully observed. Nothing is more infuriating to a buyer than to find the goods damaged or partly lost on arrival. The buyers have the right to expect their goods to reach the destination in a perfect condition and the sellers have to organise the dispatch of goods in such a way that the problems which might occur during the transit should be avoided as much as possible. Thus, packing and marking are the important assets of export distribution.
To handle the problems with export dispatches, in many large export firms special departments for export packing have been established and the whole problem is under regular control. On the other hand, packing may be done by a firm of export packers who specialise in this difficult job. Many firms who have neither the organisation nor the experience to deal with all the technical details which have to be observed in the execution of an export order leave the packing, the transport and the filling in of the several forms and documents that are required to packing and forwarding agents who, in many cases, act at the same time as shipping agents. These firms charge commission, but their services are a great help to exporters, who are relieved of a lot of complicated formalities and can concentrate on their real job: the manufacture and marketing of their products.
Packing
For a hazardous and often long journey, the goods must be packed with great care to protect them from damage, dampness, movement, etc. Cargo in transit may be threatened by natural phenomena or by man-made problems which include pilferage. The damage to a consignment of goods may also be caused by its proximity to another shipment. So the general aim of packing is not only to make the goods secure during the journey, but at the same time to make the package as small and light as possible. Transport costs on land usually depend on the weight but on the sea the size of the package is also significant.
Goods must be packed tight enough not to move in their cases but, on the other hand, not so close as to be damaged by pressure. The cases or bales are marked with letters and numbers and the port of destination. The cases are often specially made to measure to suit the type and the dimensions of the goods and they are sometimes lined with tin or zinc to prevent damage by sea-water or moist climate. In other instances, specially prepared waterproof paper or oilcloth are used. The goods are then sent to the port of embarkation either by lorry or railway. The superintendent at the docks is informed of the dispatch of the goods by a shipping note, which serves as an instruction to collect these goods, and when they are checked and found to be in order, they are taken on board the carrying ship.
Packing materials must accord with a number of considerations: climatic conditions in the foreign country, ease of handling, inland transport in the country of destination, rates in marine insurance, customs regulations in the foreign country, or a possible reduction of overall dimensions in order to save freight. Sometimes it is necessary to use additional shock-absorbent materials, such as tissue paper, hay, straw, wood shavings, cork waste, etc., or whichever complies with the sanitary regulations of the country concerned.
Packing can be external (crate or bag) and internal (box, packet, flask, etc.), in which the goods are sold. For correspondence, among others the following specialised terms of packing containers are useful to know: bag, bale, barrel, box, bundle, carboy, carton, case, crate, container, drum, sack, and tin /can.
Packing must be appropriate to the type of goods to be carried. Thus, for instance, rice or coffee beans are sent in bags, flour in sacks, cotton in bales, bottled wine in corrugated boxes or cases, tea in zinc-lined chests, matches in oilcloth cases. Fruit may be sent in crates or baskets, liquids in drums, casks or barrels, butter in kegs or tubs, etc.
Marking
Marking of goods is very important because an unmarked consignment may be mislaid at some stage. Even worse, the unmarked goods become practically untraceable. At the same time, marking
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should not reveal any excess information about the contents of the goods in order to avoid the risk of theft.
To avoid confusion, delay and miscarriage, the individual packages must be clearly marked and numbered. Marks are used for identification purposes. They usually consist of the name of destination and the initials of the person or firm, to whom the goods are being sent, often enclosed in a heart, a triangle, or some other device. Sometimes customers indicate in their orders how the goods are to be marked. In the absence of such directions, the sender is free to use such markings as they think fit. Big exporters and importers have, however, their own particular form of markings, and, as a rule, a slightly different one for each class of goods in which they trade.
Marking should be made in indelible paint with recognised kind of marks.
There are three principle types of marking, which are usually done by paint or ink through a metal stencil on export packages:
1)the consignee’s own distinctive marks, which are registered and play the role of identification; these marks, including the name of the place of destination, serve as an address on an envelope;
2)any official marks required by authorities of the country of export or import; some countries require the name of the country of origin of the goods to be marked on each package, others require weights and dimensions or both; and
3)special directions or warnings; here some special instructions regarding the manner of handling, loading, lifting and various warnings both for the benefit of the owner’s and the carrier’s are found; some examples of marking are the following: Handle with care; Glass – with care; Acid – with care; Fragile; To be kept cool; Use no hooks; Stowawayfromheat ; Keep dry; Do not drop; etc.
Warnings and directions may be also represented by stencilling symbols that are understood by speakers of any language.
Text 6.2. Read the text and describe the principle functions of packing.
Functions and Tasks of Packing
Sometimes a distinction is made between packing and packaging. Packaging means the wrapping of products for display in shops such as packets of biscuits, boxes of matches or jars of jam. The term ‘packing’ refers to larger quantities packed for transport such as tea chests, crates of machinery or barrels of wine. However, these words are often used interchangeably.
In the case of consumer goods packing has a double function. On the one hand, it is for protection. On the other, it serves to advertise a product and attract a customer. These two main functions may be further subdivided into eight tasks which packing performs.
1)It has to hold or contain quantities of the product, such as tablets or liquids.
2)It has to protect the product when transported, stored or displayed, when taken home by the customer, and while in the customer’s possession. Some of this is bound up with ‘convenience’ such as keeping a clothing product clean as when shirts are packed in plastic bags.
3)It has to identify the product as when advertised or displayed. Pack recognition is often a feature of advertisements and commercials.
4)It may be necessary to the actual use of the product as with an aerosol or other dispenser.
5)It may be necessary for the protection of the customer as with razor blades.
6)It may have another convenience factor in providing a correct measure of the product such as a sachet of shampoo, a tea-bag or a packet of soup.
7)It may be a means of pre-packaging items which are less easily sold when loose, as with many hardware items like nails, screws or cup hooks.
8)It can be a way of displaying and protecting many fresh foods, such as with plastic trays and stretched film covering, or waxed cartons for refrigerated items.
Shape, size, design, colour and material all contribute to successful packaging, whether it is the immediate container like a sauce bottle or a carton in which the container may be packed as with toothpaste. Thus, there may be one or two packages for the same product, and there may also be a label. The shape, like some whisky and brandy bottles, will instantly identify the brand. The size may be important, either that it is conveniently small or that it is a bargain monster or economy size as with cartons of cereals or two-litre bottles of soft drinks.
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Colour is a big factor in both attracting attention and distinguishing identity. Colour can also suggest characteristics, bold colours standing out and pastel shades receding. Two makes of camera film are quickly identified by the colour of the packs, the yellow Kodak and the red and green Fuji. White suggests hygiene and black (like Black Magic) an air of mystery and intrigue. Colour can also link with the corporate identity as when a company uses a special colour like Marks and Spencer’s green or Woolworths’ red, which may be represented in the store packaging like paper bags and carrying bags.
Finally, there is the material. Packages may be made of paper, card, wood, metal glass or various plastic materials. Which material works best in satisfying the eight tasks listed above? Should mustard be in a tin, a tube, a jar or a plastic squeeze bottle? Which is the cheapest, most impressive, most protective or preferred by customers? Packaging poses a lot of questions but nowadays the packaging industry provides a remarkable array of answers.
There are even ecological considerations. Does a package create waste disposal problems? Some beverages are still packed in glass bottles because disposable plastic ones would have caused a massive pollution problem.
Thus, a lot of ingenuity goes into packaging. It has a utility value but with modern wholesaling and retailing it is a promotional aid while at the same time making an important contribution to customer satisfaction.
Concept check
1.Discuss the following questions with your partner.
1)Why are packing and marking considered to be the important assets of export distribution?
2)What can happen to cargoes in transit?
3)Why is it necessary to pack the goods properly?
4)Who may be responsible for export packing and marking?
5)What are the main functions and tasks of packing?
6)Which requirements should packing comply with?
7)What is the purpose of marking?
8)What are the three principle types of marking?
2.Read each statement and decide if it is true or false. Explain your point of view.
1)The purpose of packing is only to make the goods secure during the journey.
2)Packing is intended to protect goods from different hazards.
3)Shape, size, design, colour and material of packing are equally significant.
4)For experts, packaging is the same as packing.
5)Proper packing requires inventiveness and skill.
6)Traceability of an unmarked consignment is easy.
7)Pack recognition is often a feature of advertisements.
3.What do you think would happen if the goods dispatched were unmarked or the packing requirements were not observed?
4.Complete the following sentences.
1)In sea transportation cargoes may be exposed to such risks as … .
2)Manufacturers often choose to outsource packing services because … .
3)A shipping note is the document of dispatch which … .
4)When choosing packing materials, a company must bear in mind … .
5)The examples of packing materials are … .
6)The examples of packing containers are … .
7)Marks usually consist of … .
8)The consignee’s own distinctive-marks include … .
9)Official marks of an exporting or importing country may be required to contain … .
10)The purpose of special directions or warnings is … .
11)… may be the examples of special directions or warnings.
5.Summarise each of the eight tasks of packing in Text 6.2 and put them under either the protection or advertising heading as in the example.
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Protection |
Advertising |
|
|
1) |
1) product identification (task 3) |
… |
… |
6. As a group, discuss the following statement: “A socially responsible business will necessarily take into account ecological considerations when choosing a proper material for packing goods”.
LANGUAGE STUDY
1. Study the list of words and match them with the Russian equivalents.
1) made to measure |
a) экспедитор |
2) accord with |
b) агент по погрузке и отправке товаров |
3) forwarding agent |
c) сделанный по размеру |
4) shock-absorbent |
d) обкладывать изнутри (ящик и т.п.) |
5) stencil |
e) клеенка |
6) consignment |
f) погрузка |
7) wood shaving |
g) ордер на погрузку |
8) shipping agent |
h) соответствовать |
9) coffee beans |
i) транспортная обработка грузов |
10) oilcloth |
j) трафарет |
11) embarkation |
k) груз, партия товара |
12) shipping note |
l) древесная стружка |
13) line with |
m) противоударный |
14) handling |
n) кофе в зернах |
15) tissue paper |
o) отходы пробковых материалов |
16) cork waste |
p) тонкая оберточная бумага |
17) ingenuity |
q) изобретательность, искусность, мастерство |
2. Match the terms for packing containers on the left with their Russian equivalents.
1) bag |
a) связка, пачка |
2) bale |
b) мешок, пакет |
3) box |
c) оплетённая бутыль, баллон |
4) barrel |
d) тюк, кипа |
5) bundle |
e) картонная коробка |
6) carboy |
f) бочонок, деревянная бочка |
7) carton |
g) ящик из дерева или металла |
8) case |
h) решетчатая тара |
9) crate |
i) прочный ящик, скрепленный рейками |
10) drum |
j) маленький металлический контейнер, консервная банка |
11) tin/can |
k) цилиндрический контейнер |
12) sack |
l) мешок |
3. What is the appropriate packing for the goods in the left column below? Complete the right-hand part of the table as in the example using the words in the box.
bag |
bale |
barrel |
box |
bundle |
carboy |
carton |
case |
crate |
drum |
sack |
tin /can |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
109 |
Goods |
Packing containers |
|
|
flour |
sack |
cotton |
|
wheat |
|
wine |
|
oil |
|
fruit |
|
coffee beans |
|
butter |
|
tea |
|
chemicals |
|
4. Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right.
1) indicate |
a) humid, damp |
2) regulation |
b) set |
3) waterproof |
c) watertight |
4) theft |
d) fixed, fastened closely |
5) protection |
e) outside |
6) distinctive |
f) misplace |
7) tight |
g) stealing |
8) external |
h) defence, shield |
9) moist |
i) distinguishing |
10) mislay |
j) point out, mean, imply |
11) array |
k) rule |
5.Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the correct form of the words given above in 1–4.
1)The shock-absorbing materials are … .
2)Inappropriate marking may lead to miscarriage of cargoes and cause them to be … .
3)… is the dishonest taking of property belonging to others with the intention of depriving the owner permanently of its possession.
4)A … is a cylindrical container usually bulging outwards in the middle and held together by metal hoops.
5)A device for applying a design, characters, etc., to a surface, consisting of a thin sheet of plastic, metal, cardboard, etc. in which the design or characters have been cut so that ink or paint can be applied through the incisions onto the surface is called a … .
6)Marking signs should clearly … all precautions about handling the consignment.
7)A … is the receiving note, addressed by the shipper to the chief officer of the vessel, requesting him to receive on board specified goods, and a receipt for the mate to sign, on receiving whose signature it is called the mate's receipt, and is surrendered by the shipper for the bills of lading.
8)For the cargoes not to be damaged in transit, they should be lashed neither loosely nor … .
9)Many companies outsource packing and marking services to … and … .
6.Replace the italicised words and word combinations with the correct form of the words in 1–4.
1)Oilcloth is not penetrable by water.
2)The partners have not agreed upon the port of loading yet.
3)The cases with fragile things are to be covered inside with shock-absorbent materials.
4)Chemicals are transported in safe cylindrical containers or large glass or plastic bottles,
usually protected by a basket or box.
5)Dangerous goods require special treatment while loading and unloading.
6)Marks on cargoes are to correspond to the existing requirements.
7)Cotton is usually carried in large bundles bound by ropes, wires, etc.
8)Proper packing requires inventiveness and skill.
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