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.pdf7. Make up your own sentences with the words in 1–4 to illustrate them in the context of packing and marking cargoes.
READING
OLD STYLE PACKING AND LOADING VERSUS CONTAINERISATION
Key concepts and terms
Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
1) break-bulk |
a) the weight of goods per 40 cubic feet |
2) stowage factor |
b) separated cargo |
3) measurement ton |
c) a large cargo-carrying standard-sized receptacle or vessel that can be |
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loaded from one mode of transport to another |
4) container |
d) unpackaged cargo or goods |
5) bulk |
e) a unit of volume used in shipping freight, equal to 40 cubic feet, |
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irrespective of the commodity shipped |
6) stevedore |
f) the act or process in which a ship, aircraft, etc., unloads passengers |
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and freight at the end of a trip and reloads for the next trip; the time |
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taken for this |
7) pallet/flat |
g) a person employed to load or unload ships |
8) turnaround |
h) a standard-sized platform of box section open at two ends on which |
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goods may be stacked; the open ends allow the entry of the forks of a |
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lifting truck so that the palletized load can be raised and moved about |
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easily |
9) self-propelled |
i) a heavy hard-wearing waterproof fabric made of canvas or similar |
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material coated with tar, wax, or paint, for outdoor use as a protective |
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covering against moisture |
10) freight |
j) (of a vehicle) provided with its own source of tractive power rather |
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than requiring an external means of propulsion |
11) tarpaulin |
k) commercial transport that is slower and cheaper than express; the |
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price charged for such transport; goods transported by this means |
Text 6.3. Read the text and say why containerisation has revolutionised the handling of cargoes in ports.
Loading and Unloading
Old Style Handling
Nowadays more and more goods in foreign trade are carried in large containers. But there are still many ports and ships which use the old kind of packing. This means goods are packed separately and not in bulk quantities.
Many goods are palletised when old-style methods of loading and unloading are used. The sacks or cartons are stacked on pallets which are then lifted by crane or fork-lift truck. Larger crates and cases may be lifted over the ship’s rails individually. In such cases the boxes will have special shipping marks on them. Often there are other instructions to the crane driver: e.g. fragile; this way up, etc. The shipping marks are important for loading because the cargo which is going to be unloaded in the last port of call has to be loaded first. The cargo for the first port of call has to be loaded last.
The Container Revolution
Recently, big ports have changed completely. Docks and ships look quite different nowadays. Instead of forests of tall thin cranes lifting pallets, a few huge heavily built transporter cranes lifting big steel boxes can be seen. Instead of hundreds of stevedores working in the holds and on the quayside, we see no men at all; we just see huge machines. Instead of long warehouses at the dockside, we see open spaces with stacks of boxes. Lines of goods trains with the same boxes stand nearby. The ships proper look like huge steel tanks with lots of smaller tanks stacked on them.
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The capital cost of containerising ports is enormous. So the majority of ports still use traditional methods.
Containers are steel boxes of different sizes but usually 8 by 8 by 20 or 40 feet (2.4 by 2.4 by 5.9 or 12 metres). This size is limited by the width of roads. But all containers are the same width and height. This is a revolution in transport. The advantages are the following.
•Handling at docks can be done mostly by machines. Ships designed with special guide structures in their holds can receive containers.
•Very few stevedores are needed. A traditional ship took one hundred people, and three to four weeks to unload and load. A container ship of the same size takes twelve to fifteen people, and three to four days.
•Unloading and loading a container ship is very fast and turnaround is much shorter. Goods can be delivered more quickly by fewer ships.
•Packing can be done in suppliers’ factories. Containers needn’t be opened except for customs inspection until they reach the customers.
•Warehouses are unnecessary. Containers are waterproof and can be stacked by straddle carriers outside in the rain.
Refrigerated containers can be connected to electrical plant at the dockside and in the ship. Containers can be handled in two ways: they can be off-loaded from lorries belonging to traders
onto slave trailers and parked to speed handling operations. Containers can also be double-stacked and then towed on board; or they can be stacked in the marshalling areas and carried on board by fork-lift trucks. Trailers too can be parked in the marshalling areas and then eventually towed on board. Temperature controlled trailers can be connected to the electrical plant in the ship. Small-unit containers are pre-loaded onto slave trailers and protected by tarpaulins when necessary. These can be fork-lifted on board. Wheeled or self-propelled cargo such as cars can be driven on board and stowed in the lower hold.
Such ships have lifts to take containers to upper or lower decks and can often carry as many as three hundred containers and a hundred 30 foot trailers. The ships of this type are known as vessels with the roll-on roll-off handling of cargoes.
Freight Rates: the Stowage Factor
The price of sending goods by sea, the freight charge, is measured either by volume or weight. If the goods are made of heavy materials such as iron and steel, the freight is usually calculated according to weight. But if the goods are made of light materials such as fruit or furniture, the freight is calculated according to volume.
The measurement ton for sea freight is 40 cubic feet (over one cubic metre). If one ton of the goods takes up less space in the ship than 40 cubic feet (1.1323m), freight is charged according to weight. If one ton of the goods takes up more space than 40 cubic feet, freight is calculated according to volume.
When you export goods and want to know the cost of freight, you need to know the stowage factor of the goods. The stowage factor is the weight of 40 cubic feet of the goods.
Concept check
1. Complete the notes on the advantages and disadvantages of containerisation. Compare the two methods of loading and unloading cargoes.
Factor |
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Old style methods |
Containerised methods |
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Advantages |
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Disadvantages |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
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Handling |
Old cranes, |
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Slow, more breakages |
New …, … and … |
New |
… |
and |
… |
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wharves and ships |
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and pilferage. Cannot |
are used. |
have |
to be built. |
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can be used. No extra |
load or unload cargo |
Fewer … and less |
Extra … needed on |
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capital needed. |
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in rain. |
small … . Can … |
big scale. |
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in rain. |
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Labor |
More |
work |
for |
Large number of |
Small number of |
Less |
work |
for |
… |
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workers. |
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stevedores. High cost |
… needed. |
which leads to … . |
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of wages to port |
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authority. |
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Factor |
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Old style methods |
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Containerised methods |
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Advantages |
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Disadvantages |
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Advantages |
Disadvantages |
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Storage |
Old |
sheds |
can |
be |
Goods cannot be left |
… not needed. … |
New … … have to |
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used. |
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outside in the rain. |
can be left in the |
be made. |
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rain. |
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Refrigeration |
Old |
plant |
can |
be |
Separate cold storage |
… |
can |
be |
New … … have to |
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used. |
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has to be organised. |
connected to … at |
be built. |
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the |
docks. Special |
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containers for |
cold |
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… can be used. |
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2.Describe the old-style loading process.
3.Discuss the following questions with your partner:
1)What are containers?
2)What are the two ways to handle containers?
3)How is the freight rate calculated?
4)What is the stowage factor?
4.Discuss how the freight would be calculated on the following types of cargo. Begin like this: I think the freight on fruit would be calculated by volume because... I think the freight on sand would be calculated by weight because…
bags of cement, drums of oil, crates of machinery, cars and lorries, shoes and boots, cartons of soap, sacks of potatoes, bales of cotton, bundles of steel pipes, chests of tea, clothing in cases, cartons of canned food, casks of wine, bags of coffee
5.Read each statement and decide whether it is true or false. Explain your point of view.
1)40 cubic feet is a bit less than one cubic metre.
2)40 cubic feet is a bit more than one cubic metre.
3)The freight for cement and sand is charged by weight.
4)The freight for tea in chests is charged by weight.
5)Freight charges are calculated by volume and weight together.
6)Bags of cement can be stacked on pallets for loading.
7)Pallets are used for large cases.
8)Loaded pallets can only be lifted by cranes.
9)Shipping marks show the place where the goods are.
10)Cargo is loaded first in – first out.
11)People loading ships should be able to read simple notices in English.
LANGUAGE STUDY
1. Study the list of words on the left and match them with the Russian equivalents.
1) tow |
a) причал |
2) quayside |
b) без упаковки; навалочный груз: насыпной, наливной |
3) hold |
c) укладка, складирование, погрузка; штивка |
4) fork lift truck |
d) фрахтовая тонна |
5) turnaround |
e) буксировать |
6) tarpaulin |
f) прицеп; прицепная колесная платформа |
7) measurement ton |
g) погрузчик с вилочным захватом |
8) in bulk |
h) брезент |
9) trailer |
i) время, потраченное на погрузку и разгрузку судна |
10) stowage |
j) трюм, отсек |
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11) straddle carrier |
k) контейнеровоз-погрузчик |
(для |
перевозки |
груза, |
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закрепляемого снизу); самоходная тележка с широко |
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разнесёнными колёсами |
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2. Match the expressions on the left with their definitions on the right. |
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1) straddle carrier |
a) a small building or lean-to of light construction, used for |
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storage |
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2) marshalling area |
b) arrive at mathematically |
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3) tow |
c) office for controlling exports and imports |
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4) stack |
d) a kind of haulier used for moving containers from the |
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stacking area to the ship |
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5) customs |
e) drag (a vehicle, boat, etc.), esp. by means of a rope or cable |
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6) shed |
f) place in a stack; pile; load or fill up with piles of something |
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7) fragile |
g) cubic space |
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8) breakage |
h) a place where goods are stored prior to their use, distribution, |
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or sale |
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9) calculate |
i) space for stacking containers |
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10) warehouse |
j) able to be broken easily; delicate |
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11) volume |
k) the act or result of breaking; the quantity or amount broken; |
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compensation or allowance for goods damaged while in use, |
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transit, etc. |
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3. Word building: complete the following table. |
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Noun |
Verb |
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Adjective |
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store |
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spacious |
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separation |
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measurable |
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width |
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charge |
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authorise |
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breakable |
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lighten |
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protective |
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4.Fill in the following sentences with the correct form of the words given above in 1 and 2.
1)The size of standardised containers is limited by the … of roads.
2)The space in a ship or aircraft for storing cargo is called a … .
3)Goods were packed separately and not in … quantities.
4)The goods are kept in a … and shipped to customers as needed.
5)Stevedores came aboard the vessel to … the cargo on the deck.
6)If you export such a heavy material as iron, the freight is … according to weight.
7)You should know the … of the goods if you want to know the cost of freight.
8)… are used for carrying stacked containers on board a ship and … are used for stacking containers outside in the marshalling area.
9)… cargoes are highly breakable.
10)A unit of volume used in shipping freight, equal to 40 cubic feet, irrespective of the commodity shipped, is called a … .
5.Replace the italicised words and phrases by the correct form of the words in 1 and 2.
1)Containerisation significantly shortened the time taken for unloading freight from ships at the end of a trip.
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2)The use of heavy hard-wearing waterproof fabric made of canvas saved the cargo on slave trailers from moistening.
3)Slave trailers are pulled on board a vessel being pre-loaded with small containers.
4)Small shelters on the wharves are used for protecting cargoes from rain.
5)The size of the container is 100 cubic meters.
6)Baggage and freight are examined for dutiable goods and smuggling at the special part of
a port, airport, frontier station, etc.
7)The area where goods are arranged in order is filled in with containers.
6.Make up your own sentences with the derivatives in 3 to illustrate them in the context of loading and unloading styles.
READING
METHODS OF PACKING GOODS
Key concepts and terms
Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
1) logistics |
a) of or relating to the storage or delivery of freight at a warehouse |
2) consolidated cargo |
b) the management of materials flow through an organisation, from |
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raw materials through to finished goods; the detailed planning and |
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organisation of any large complex operation |
3) aggregate |
c) a whole made up of interconnected or related parts |
4) complex |
d) grouped or united cargo |
5) terminal |
e) formed of separate units collected into a whole; collective; corporate |
6) discharge |
f) a machine or tool used for a specific task; contrivance |
7) rolling stock |
g) remove (the cargo) from (a boat, etc.); unload |
8) vehicle |
h) the means or equipment facilitating the performance of an action |
9) facilities |
i) any conveyance in or by which people or objects are transported, |
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esp. one fitted with wheels |
10) device |
j) the wheeled vehicles collectively used on a railway, including the |
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locomotives, passenger coaches, freight wagons, guard’s vans, etc. |
Text 6.4. Read the text and describe the recent changes in methods of packing and transporting cargoes.
Recent Developments in Packing and Carrying Goods
Changes in Packing Goods
During the past few years, the methods of packing and shipping cargoes have totally changed. For instance, some commodities (cement or sugar), which were bagged 10 years ago, are, at present, carried in bulk. At the same time, some bulk commodities (for example, timber or steel) are now packed. The most valuable goods are carried inside large containers.
It is worth mentioning that packaging and container methods of cargo delivery are widely used by practically all modes of transport. This progressive technology has become the basis of the entire transport technological system, which allows the consolidated cargoes to be delivered from the shipper to the consignee. In addition, this progressive technology has enabled implementation of up-to-date systems of logistics, which in turn makes the process of transportation more efficient.
All these changes have led to the development of the terminal system, which implies the use of specially designed and equipped loading/unloading and warehouse places known as terminals where the cargo is trans-shipped from one mode of transport into another. This technology is considered to be the entire transport complex ensuring the quality of transportation services and reducing the time of cargo delivery.
In this respect, we can talk about a new concept of packing the goods, which does not only provide safety of the goods during transportation but also reduces costs and time required for transportation of this or that type of cargo.
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Packaging System
The packaging system is widely used for carrying general cargo in large assortment. The goods are consolidated into a certain number of cargo places called packages. The transport package is a cargo place aggregated by various packing means, which are to ensure safety of goods during transportation as well as both the possibility of loading/unloading the goods by machinery and maximum use of the carrying capacity of a vehicle.
The goods are packaged with the help of platforms, flats (platforms which may be handled by fork-lift trucks) or roll-trailers (wheeled platforms which are towed by trucks to the place of loading onto the vehicle).
The shipper or forwarding agent carries out packaging before the goods are ready for shipment. The means of lashing and securing the cargo in packages must have control signs of the shipper and exclude the possibility of occupying a separate cargo place beyond the package. Usually, a package consists of homogeneous goods packed and marked in the same way (or not packed and marked at all). The packages are to be provided with transport marking.
The size of the package should be in conformity with the size of containers and holds of vessels. Sometimes, packages are grouped into block-packages, which reduces considerably the capital costs due to the maximum use of the carrying capacity of a vehicle. For transportation between the ports, block-packages are grouped with the help of flats. In terms of marine transport, specialised vessels are used to carry both packages and block-packages. However, in terms of air and land transport, packaged cargo is carried by usual vehicles.
Container System
The container system refers to transportation of general cargo of different types as well as valuable goods. The goods are delivered according to the door-to-door transport scheme without any transshipment en route from container to container. The development of transportation by containers is based on its efficiency. The highest efficiency is achieved if the goods are consolidated into packages, loaded into containers, and then stored, transported and delivered to the consignee.
Transportation by containers is carried out by successive participation of two or three modes of transport. It is of great importance that, within the frames of container system transportation, there is a close interaction among all modes of transport.
It is worth mentioning that the container system requires intensive capital investments into specialised vehicles, a park of both all-purpose and specialised containers, special container trans-shipment equipment, large warehouse facilities, and container trans-shipment terminals.
In spite of this fact containerisation has revolutionised the transportation business, significantly lowering the costs of shipping goods over long distances. Before the advent of containerisation, moving goods from one mode of transport to another was very labor-intensive, lengthy, and costly. It could take days and several hundred stevedores to discharge a ship and reload goods onto trucks and trains. With the advent of widespread containerisation in the 1970s, the whole process can be executed by a handful of longshoremen in a couple of hours. Since 1980, the world containership fleet has more than quadrupled, reflecting partly the growing volume of international trade and in part the switch to this mode of transportation. As a result of the efficiency gains associated with containerisation, transportation costs have plummeted, making it much more economical to ship the goods around the world. In the United States, for example, the cost of shipping freight per ton-mile on railroads has fallen from 3 cents in 1985 to 1.8 cents in 2002, largely as a result of efficiency gains from the widespread use of containers.
Trailer System
The trailer system is used only in terms of marine transport for carrying packaged or non-packaged general cargoes loaded into the trailers and roll-trailers which are towed by trucks. Sometimes, the shipper may use a semi-trailer.
The vessel is loaded horizontally through rear, side or bow doors. The cargoes are loaded into the roll-trailers in the port of shipment before the vessel moors. The rollers (the roll-on – roll-off vessels) are to be equipped with special loading/unloading equipment: the fork-lift loaders, container loaders and special car-carriers.
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Lighterage System
The lighterage system is to ensure transportation of bulk and general cargoes loaded into the special barges known as lighters. The lighters are loaded in the shallow water at the moors of the river ports. Then, they are grouped and towed by tugs into the seaports. The lighters are lifted on board a ship, which delivers them to the port of discharge. Such ships are equipped with their own trans-shipping devices, which help to load and unload the lighters on board or into the hold of the ship.
In terms of international trade, in most cases the carriers use three types of ships capable to carry lighters. They are LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship), ‘Sea Bee’ (Sea Barge Carrier), and BACAT (Barge Aboard Catamaran).
To be effective, the lighterage system requires not only sufficient number of lighters with hermetic hatch covers and special fastening devices but also computerised information system for controlling and tracing the movement of lighters.
Cassette System
The cassette system differs from the others by the fact that the weight of the consolidated cargo place called a cassette may be 500 tons or more. There can be cassettes of 2 types: flat platform and floating section.
In case of the flat platform, the cargo is loaded into the cassette, which in turn is placed into the hold or onto the deck of the ship. The cassette in the form of the floating section is part of the ship divided into several sections. Thus, such a ship is similar to the lighter-carrier where lighters appear to be cassettes of large carrying capacity.
R e m e m b e r !
In terms of an international contract of sale, the clause concerning packing and marking is necessary for stating the means which correspond to technological and consuming properties of the goods. Obviously, these means are to exclude the risk of damage to the goods during loading, transporting, and discharging the goods.
It is crucial to build the packing and marking clause into the contract especially if the delivered goods may lose their specific properties in case of damage to the packing during transportation or trans-shipment.
Text 6.5. Read the text and say which packing documents are demanded by the Russian legislation.
Packing and Marking Regulations
The packing of the goods to be shipped should be in accordance with the state standards existing in the Russian Federation or with the technical conditions ruling at the manufacturing works and ensure safety of the goods during transportation provided that the goods are duly handled. Besides, it should not create obstacles for customs inspections. A definite kind of packing may be indicated in the specifications to the contract. It usually depends on the means of transportation, on the individual characteristics of the goods, and on the sensitiveness of the goods being shipped to vibrations and blows.
The goods are to be shipped in export seaworthy packing suitable for the type of goods to be delivered. The goods are to be packed in accordance with the dimensions of the rolling-stock of the railways in Russia. Packing is to protect the goods from any damage, corrosion or shortage during transportation by all kinds of transport involving several trans-shipments of the cargo en route. Besides, it is to suit for a long storage of the goods. To correspond to the above mentioned requirements better, the equipment is to be protected with anticorrosive coating before packing. This increases the protection from any damage and corrosion in transit. Besides it allows ensuring safe storage of the equipment during hot summer and cold winter. The packing shall be suitable for loading by cranes, by autocars, by trucks and manually in so far as the weight and volume of individual packages allow.
The sellers are to issue a detailed packing list for each case. The contents of the case, the quantity of the articles packed, their type or model, the works number, contract number, case number, item number as per specification, net and gross weights are to be indicated on the packing list. One copy of the packing list in a waterproof envelope is to be packed in the corresponding case together
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with the goods, and one copy of same, covered with a tin plate is to be fixed on the outer side of the case.
When delivering complete equipment, the case number is to be given in fraction, in which the numerator is the ordinal number of the case and the denominator is the total number of cases.
The sellers are to submit for the buyers’ approval overall sketches of the equipment. The size, weight and the center of gravity of the case are to be indicated on each sketch.
The sellers are to bear full responsibility for any eventual breakage or damage caused by inadequate or unsuitable packing. Besides, the sellers are to compensate the buyers for any losses due to corrosion which may appear because of improper or insufficient coating.
Apart from the above mentioned, each package should be provided with marking showing the place of destination, name of consignee, name of the sellers, case number, gross and net weights and other marking which may be agreed upon between the buyers and the sellers beforehand.
All cases are to be marked on three sides: on the top of the case, and two non-opposite sides. Marking is to be made with the help of stencil in waterproof black paint in English or another language, for example, Russian with recognized kinds of marks. Each package should bear the following marks: contract number; name of the sellers’ company; name of the buyers’ company; case number; total number of cases; gross weight (in kilos); net weight (in kilos); dimensions of the cases in centimeters (length, width, and height); final destination; instructions for loading and unloading; instructions in strapping; indications of the location of the documents and instructions; and terms of return of the case. Packages for which special handling is required should have additional marking: Handle with care; Top; Bottom; Glass; Fragile; Liquid; Not to be dropped; Not to be turned; Do not turn over; Open here; To be protected from cold; To be protected from heat; Keep dry; Keep in a cold place; Do not store in a damp place as well as other indications if specific handling of a particular case is required.
The sellers are to bear responsibility for any eventual losses and/or damage caused by inadequate or unsuitable marking.
R e m e m b e r !
Marking is the information about specific properties of goods and peculiarities of their loading and discharging. Often, the parties state in the contract all the requirements to packing and marking but at the same time forget to put down which party is responsible for packing and marking. Another mistake occurs when the parties only stipulate that packing of the goods delivered is to ensure safety of the goods. Safety, in accordance with international legislation, means only constant weight. However, goods can be broken, lost or stolen during transportation without losing their weight. Accordingly, there is no clear indication which party is to cover all the expenses connected with the cases mentioned above.
In most cases, the parties know in advance which packing is required for the safe carriage of goods to their place of destination. However, as the seller's obligation to pack the goods may vary according to the type and duration of this or that mode of transport, it is crucial to stipulate that the seller is obliged to pack the goods in such a manner as it is required for the transport specified in the contract.
Concept check
1. Fill in the table below with peculiarities of each system of packing and carrying cargoes as in the example.
Methods of Packing and Transporting Cargoes
Packaging |
Container |
Trailer system |
Lighterage system |
Cassette system |
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system |
system |
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1) used for |
1) general cargoes |
1) packaged or |
1) bulk and general |
1) the weight of the |
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general cargoes |
and valuable |
non-packaged |
cargoes loaded into |
consolidated cargo |
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goods |
general cargoes |
special barges known as |
place called a |
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loaded into |
lighters |
cassette is over 500 |
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trailers |
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tons or more |
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2) |
2) |
2) |
2) |
2) |
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… |
… |
… |
… |
… |
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2.Discuss the questions about the Russian legislation for delivering, packing and marking
cargoes.
1)What should export packing accord with?
2)What information does the standard packing list contain? Where is it kept?
3)How is the case number given for the complete equipment?
4)What are the overall sketches of equipment used for?
5)Who is responsible for damage caused by improper packing to the goods in transit?
6)How are marking signs to be made? What information should they reveal?
3.Read each statement and decide whether it is true or false. Explain your choice.
1)Nowadays, cement and sugar are commodities carried in bulk.
2)The transportation and logistics systems have not undergone any substantial changes since the mid of the 20th century.
3)Usually, a package consists of heterogeneous commodities.
4)Grouped packages reduce capital costs.
5)Under the container system, cargoes are transshipped from container to container in transit.
6)Containerisation is capital-intensive.
7)At the end of the 20th century, transportation costs soared.
8)The trailer system assumes Lo – Lo (vertical) handling of cargoes.
9)Lighters are tugs which tow barges into seaports.
10)Cassettes are used for high tonnage cargoes.
4.Complete the following sentences.
1)The sellers are to reimburse the buyers for the additional expenses caused by … .
2)During transportation packing should protect the cargo from any … .
3)All opened and processed parts surfaces are to be covered thoroughly with … .
4)Each package shall be provided with marking which shows … .
5)The cases in which the equipment is packed are to be marked on … .
6)The responsibility for the losses caused by improper packing and marking is borne by … .
LANGUAGE STUDY
1. Find in Texts 6.4–6.5 the English equivalents for the following word combinations and parts of sentences.
Связывание и закрепление груза; однородные товары; увеличился больше, чем в четыре раза; важно внести статью об упаковке и маркировке в контракт; препятствия для таможенного досмотра; подходить для погрузки вручную; возможная поломка или повреждение; судно для перевозки груженых барж на борту; складские места, известные как терминалы; внедрение современной системы логистики.
2. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
1) numerator |
a) refer (something to someone) for judgment or consideration |
2) coating |
b) insufficient, unequal to the purpose |
3) denominator |
c) happening in due course of time; ultimate |
4) capacity |
d) a ratio of two expressions or numbers other than zero |
5) advent |
e) a deficiency or lack in the amount needed, expected, or due; deficit |
6) inadequate |
f) a stratum or film spread over a surface for protection or decoration |
7) submit |
g) the dividend of a fraction |
8) eventual |
h) the divisor of a fraction |
9) shortage |
i) coming, esp. one which is awaited |
10) fraction |
j) the ability or power to contain, absorb, or hold |
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3. Word building: complete the following table.
Noun |
Verb |
Adjective |
|
|
|
|
|
reducible |
execution |
|
|
|
legislate |
|
|
|
secure |
|
|
responsible |
value |
|
|
|
intensify |
|
|
accord |
|
|
|
specific |
|
|
advantageous |
|
|
facile |
4.Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the correct form of the words given above in 1–3.
1)It is … to build the packing and marking clause into the contract especially if the delivered goods may lose their … properties in case of damage to the packing during transportation.
2)The packing is to … full safety of the goods from any kind of damage.
3)The export packing should … with the state standards of the Russian Federation.
4)Packing and … are to prove the safety of the equipment from any … damage.
5)The sellers will be responsible to the buyers and have to compensate for the losses arising due to any damage caused by … packing.
6)The packages are to be numbered with a …, where the … denotes the ordinal number of the package and the … shows the total number of packages comprising the complete set of equipment to be delivered.
7)The terminal system implies the use of specially designed loading/unloading and warehouse…
8)The size and volume of the packaged goods should be in conformity with the size of the container and the carrying… of the vessel.
9)The packing of the goods and its marking should be in accordance with the state regulations and standards approved by appropriate … .
10)The progressive packaging and container methods of cargo delivery have significantly … the shipping industry in recent years.
11)The lack of terminals with appropriate loading/unloading facilities in developing countries is a serious… for efficient methods of packing and shipping cargoes.
5.Replace the italicised words and phrases by the correct form of the words in 1–3.
1)Recently the use of containers has increased fourfold all over the world.
2)The rope used for fastening and binding the boxes appeared to be faulty.
3)Lighter aboard ships are employed for carrying lighters and barges.
4)All open surfaces of the equipment need covering with anti-corrosion layer.
5)Such a container is designed for holding similar in kind and nature goods.
6)With the arrival of containerisation handling cargoes has become much simpler.
7)Before carrying out the contract, the appropriate documents are to be sent to the company’s lawyer.
CONTRACTING
Read the Packing and Marking Clauses from the Contract of Sale and do the comprehension task below.
Packing
The equipment and spare parts are to be shipped in export sea packing which meets the requirements of each particular type of equipment.
The packing is to secure full safety of the goods from any kind of damage and corrosion during transportation by sea, railway and combined transport. The packing shall be suitable for loading by
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