n29fIAwxpY

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Fig. 4.8. Graphs of chemical composition of metals in individual Rievda plaster samples based on microscale studies

Tab. 4.1. The results of the Rv 01 sample microanalysis

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Tab. 4.2. The results of the Rv 02 sample microanalysis

Tab. 4.3. The results of the Rv 03 sample microanalysis

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Tab. 4.4. The results of the Rv 04 sample microanalysis

Tab. 4.5. The results of the Rv 05 sample microanalysis

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5. Monchegorsk

5.1. Introduction

Monchegorsk town is situated at the foot of Monchetundra hills, which in a picturesque way dominate the city. It is also limited to lakes Njud, Lumbolka and the lakes of Imandra, in the vicinity of which it is located. In the neighborhood of the city runs an important road knot Murmansk St. Petersburg (with the possibility of connecting with Finland and Norway). In Monchegorsk there are numerous prospecting and processing plants dealing with sulphide ore Cu-Fe-Ni. This town of fifty thousand its existence contains nearby deposits of sulphide ores of these metals that were discovered and made available during the interwar period [16]. In 1937, mines and processing plants were built, which dealt with the mining and processing of ore [16, 18]. They have largely contributed to significant pollution of the area, resulting in the erosion and “burning” of vegetation in nearby hills due to acid rain, large landscape changes resulting from extensive exploration and exploitation. In the valleys there are additionally fluvoglatable works, which are operated in nearby sandpits. This causes it to be heavily contaminated by the heavy industry [1, 4, 5, 9, 15]. While the center of the city is built of brick houses in neoclassical manners, in the close surroundings of these buildings there are blocks of large plates forming characteristic settlements around the strict center. The technical condition of brick houses due to the nature of the climate and pollution in many places requires repair work. Visible zones of weathering, freezing and falling off façade panels of buildings. Blocks of the large board are usually in better shape, although they are underweight and usually gray with very small amount of decoration.

It was established in 1937 as a center for the mining and processing of copper and nickel ores by the mistake of Aleksander Fersman’s dormitory, which predicted a very rich nickel-copper ore occurrence in this region. However, the deposits turned out to be less rich, and red ore was imported mainly from Norilsk.

The location of the town in the central part of the peninsula makes the climate a bit sharper compared to Murmansk, though it is certainly milder than Apatite. The city is sheltered by the hills from the south winds and close to the presence of Imandra’s large lake, causes a significant reduction in climate in the city. Probably the January temperatures range between –12°C and July +14°C (the extrapolation of apatite and Murmansk data). The impact of industry and mountains increases rainfall and the nearby lake of transpiration in warmer days.

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5.2. Preparation of test specimens

Fieldwork in the city center was carried out together with sample inventory and photographic documentation (fig. 5.7). These samples were subsequently examined by optical and electronic methods and then geochemically with ICP-OAS and ASA.

5.3. Results

Field studies have shown that in many places in the oldest buildings of the city the plaster loses its flakes due to weathering and severe arctic climate. Undoubtedly, this is also the case with nearby processing plants causing acid rain. The large plate houses are in better technical condition, which is well visible from close up. The outbuildings, passages, cages of the buildings that were added to the building are destroyed (fig. 5.5).

Microscopic studies have shown some variation in the samples (fig. 5.6). They were found in the paint (01 – gray, 07 – red, 10 – cream, 13 – blue) and sand grains (samples 02–05, 09, 11) and rust (sample 12). Also in samples 05 and 09, plants (algae, mosses) were found in a sample 08 – porost (Lecanora muralis). Solid contaminants (samples 01, 07–09, 11, 13), specimens (sample 06-gips) and fragments of paint (samples 02, 06), metallic dust (01, 04, 07–10) were also observed.

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

C S Cl P Fe Ti Zn Pb Ni As

Fig. 5.1. Compilation of pollutants in the tested plaster samples from Monchegorska

Barium admixtures were found in samples 03, 10 and 13 (fig. 5.8, tabs 5.1–5.15). Microelectrode experiments using the EDS additive revealed carbon compounds in samples 05, 08 and 14 and sulfur (all samples after 09 and 14), chlorine (samples 10 and 13), phosphates (samples 01, 06–08). In addition, the

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following metal admixtures were found: iron (all samples), titanium (samples 01–03, 05, 07), zinc (01–03, 10–13 and 15), lead (sample 10), nickel (samples 05 and 07) And arsenic (sample 09). Analysis of the cumulative pollutant graph

Pr. Metalurges 45 and Briedova 28. Particularly noteworthy are samples 05 and 07 (nickel admixtures) from Komsomolska 23 and Pri Metalurgów 45 and sample 09 (dopant A) from the crossroads of Leningradskaya and Nabierezhna 6 (fig. 5.8, tabs 5.1–5.15).

Study of plaster samples using ICP OAS technique allowed to determine the content of ten selected metals in plaster samples. In the case of zinc, the highest contents were found in sample 03 (at the corner of Komsomolska and Lenin Streets) where it exceeded 800ppm and in sample 12 (from Kirova Street) where it was close to 560ppm and 05 (intersection of Lenin and Prospektu Metalurgów Streets) with a value of 487ppm . In the remaining samples it was about 150ppm and in samples 14 and 15 (around Kirova and Stachanowska Streets) did not exceed 20ppm. For manganese, the highest values in excess of 1000m were found in sample 14 (Kirova str). The remaining samples rarely exceed 250ppm (after samples 08 and 12 of the Metallurgic Prospectus and Kirova Street) where these values reach over 300ppm. The lowest values were recorded for samples 13 and 03, 06, 07, 10 where they were close to 100 ppm. Trial 03 comes from the intersection of Komsomolska and Lenin Streets, remaining samples from Komsomolska Street and the Metallurg Prospekt and Bredova. In the case of iron content, the highest values were recorded for sample 08 (intersection of Pr. Metalurg and ul. Fersman) over 23ty ppm, and sample 12 (ul Kirova) with content of about 13 thousand. Ppm. In the remaining samples, this value was an average of 8 thousand. Ppm and lowest values of 6,5tys. Ppm was determined for samples 10, 14 and 15 (Bredova, Kirov and Stachanovskaya Streets). In the case of copper, the highest content of this element was found in sample 08, where it exceeded 200ppm and 03 respectively (intersection of Komsomolska and Lenin Streets), 01 (crossroads of Kolskaya and Pr. Metalurgów Streets) and 12 (Kirova Street) where it exceeded 100ppm.

The lowest content of this metal was found in sample 13 (below 30ppm). Arsenic was noted most in sample 13 (Kirova Street), where it exceeded 8ppm, and in samples of 03 (7ppm), 02 (6ppm) and 12ppm respectively from Komsomolska and Lenin intersections, Komsomolska and Sopchinska intersections, and Ul Kirova. The highest lead content of the order of 9tys ppm was found in sample 01 from the corner of Kola ul. And Prospect of Metalurg. The remaining samples contain a maximum of 100ppm (test 12, crossing Komsomolsk and Lenin Streets) and about 30ppm. The lowest values of 2ppm were found in samples 05 and 09 (ul Komsomoslkaya and Leningradskaya Nabierezhnaya). In case of nickel content, it was found in sample 08 at the level of over 200ppm (from the Metallurgical Prospekt) and 03 and 01 at the level of

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over 100ppm (from the Kolola and Sopchinksiej Streets). In the remaining trials, it rarely exceeded 50ppm and the lowest value was determined for samples 10 and 11 at 20ppm (ul. Briedova and Leningradskaya Nabieriezhnaya). In the case of chromium, its highest values were found in sample 08 (from the Metallurgical Prospectus) of over 200 ppm and 01 and 03 (about 150 ppm). In other samples, these values rarely exceeded 40 ppm and the lowest 10 ppm were recorded in sample 15. In the case of titanium, In sample 09 (4600ppm) and lowest in sample 13 (1815ppm). In other places, this value ranged from 2–3 thousand ppm. Most cadmium was found in sample 12 at 6 ppm (Metalurg and Lenin horn), the lowest values at the detection limit were recorded for sample 11.

Fig. 5.2. Content of investigated metals in analyzed samples based on ICP-OAS analysis [ppm]

Observing the graph in Figure 5.3 allows the determination of the variation profile of the metal content found in the plaster samples. Relatively the lowest varied values are shown for titanium and arsenic and iron oscillating within the limits of the minimum and maximum difference within 3.

Fig. 5.3. Comparison of metal content scale in samples

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For chromium it is 4 for copper 7, for manganese nearly 9, and for zinc it is large and it is 42 for cadmium 600 (at low absolute values) and for lead 6tys, constituting the largest span for analyzed elements.

5.4. Disscussion

Field studies have shown a varied state of elevation in Monchegorsk. In many places the plaster loses its flakes which may be due to strong corrosion due to climatic conditions and air pollution. The impact also has the microclimate of lakes surrounding the city on three sides, which are likely to contribute to the increase of dampness in the city. Algae, mosses and lichens (fig. 5.6) have entered in many places. Micro-area studies have also shown many solid impurities and the presence of chlorine and phosphorus compounds (sulfur precursors) as well as iron, titanium, zinc, lead, nickel and arsenic. Their origin is closely related to the industry within the city [2, 9, 11, 12, 14]. These metals have also been identified by ICP-OAS and ASA. The content of zinc in Monchegorsk is variable, although there are three places where it was much higher than the others in Komsomolska and Lenin Streets (sample 03), where the value exceeded 800ppm, Kirova Street (sample 12) and corner of ul. Lenin and Metallurgical Prospekt (sample 05) where it was respectively 568 and 487ppm. In other places, the values were still high within 150ppm and the lowest (18ppm) were found in two samples from the area of Stachanowska Street (residential area) and Kirova (closer to Lenina Street). It is worth mentioning that the Metallurgic Prospekt is the main street of the city, Kirova and Lenin streets are slightly smaller but still the main ones in the city. Sample 12 car garages and small establishments are located in the vicinity of sample 12. Perhaps they have an impact on such high Zn values. In the case of manganese these values are also quite varied, however, the regions with the maximum content are concentrated in Kirov Street and the Metallurgic Prospekt. In the case of iron content there are two places with a significant increase in this metal content (this is the intersection of Fersman Street and Princes Street and Kirova Street). The lowest values of this metal correspond to the streets of Bredova, Kirov and Stachanovskaya in the residential areas of the city. In the case of iron its elevated content can be correlated with the city's infrastructure (transmission lines and cast iron facade elements), which corrode anomalous metal content. In the case of copper the highest values of this metal can be correlated with the main streets and the area of car garages. In the case of Arsenic, its background in the whole city is relatively high, on average reaching 3ppm and the largest in the area of the garages (Kirova Street) and in the area of old factories at Komsomolska Street – also the main street of the city. Lead values are unusual spans. More than 9,000 ppm for sample from the area of Kolola and Prussian Metal can be explained by some ore transport zone or unusual anomaly. The second case of about 100 ppm corresponds to busy streets and may also be

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associated with anomalous anomalies. There is a need for a nuisance for the heavy industry in the city and for pedestrians to cross the city center [3, 6–8, 10, 13].

Fig. 5.4. Sum of dopant values obtained for each sample

In the rest of the city, these values of 30ppm may be associated with circular motion. Low values for tests 04–10 can correlate with city pollution background. High lead values also correlate with high nickel values and higher zinc and chromium content. In these places, cadmium values were also relatively high. In these areas there is increased traffic and probably another source of anomalies (industrial activity?). By analyzing Figure 5.4 it can be stated that the most contaminants were found for sample 08 (Metalurgical Pr.) And samples 01 and 12 (Sopchanska and Kirova), where the total value of these metals oscillated around 25.0 ppm. Particularly worth noting is the sample 01 with anomalously high lead and many other heavy metals. The remaining samples usually slightly exceeded 10tys ppm.

5.5. Conclusions

The tested plaster samples from Monchegorska show in many places advanced corrosion and secondary processes. The samples tested show the effect of the aerosols formed by the surrounding water town, often carrying pollution from nearby conglomerates. It has been found in the microscale analysis of sulfur compounds and metals such as Te, Ti, Zn, Pb, Ni, As. Their content has confirmed the chemical studies which have shown in some cases a very high lead content, as well as relatively high zinc, nickel and chromium values. Due to its close proximity to the heavily-exploited reservoir areas, the city has relatively large amounts of pollution in its area.

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