n29fIAwxpY

Parkovaya and Energetikow. The average content of this metal was in the range of 100ppm and the lowest was found in sample 01 in the amount of about 50ppm which was taken at Stroitelney. For manganese, its average content is around 200ppm. The highest contents in excess of 300ppm were found in sample 09 and similarly in samples 13 and 07. These samples are from respectively the Sovietsko, Leningradskaya str., Ul. Parkovoi. The lowest manganese content was found in samples 10 and 11, from the area of ul. Stroitelnaya and Sovietskaya. The average content of this metal is around 200ppm. In the case of iron, the highest content of this metal was found in samples 01, 02, 04, 06 and 09 where values exceeded 10 ppm and in sample 08 14 ppm. These samples come from the Stroitelna, Parkovoi and Sovietskoi Streets. On the other hand, it was lower in the remaining samples at about 8,000 ppm. The lowest in the sample of 14–4tys ppm from the street Energetikov. For copper, the highest content of this metal was found for samples 04, 05 and 08 where the value reached 50ppm. These samples were taken from Parkovoi Street. The average content of this metal in the test samples is in the range of 30–40ppm. The lowest content was found in samples 14 and 01–03 where these values were around 20ppm. These samples were taken from Stroitelna Street. The highest arsenic content was found in samples 12, 05, 08 and 10, where they reached 5ppm. These samples were collected in the area of Molodiezhnovo b-r, Parkovoi and Sovietskoi. In turn, the lowest content of this metal was found in samples 06, 04 and 13 in the vicinity of Leningradskaya Pr. With content close to 2ppm. The average content of this metal was 3ppm. Lead in the samples tested shows greater variability. Its highest values were found in samples 07 and 14 although they did not exceed 100 ppm. These samples were collected in the area of Parkowa and Energetyka. The lowest lead content was found in samples 12 and 03, below 30ppm collected in the area of Molodiezhnovo b-r and ul. Stroitelna. The highest nickel content was found in samples 02, 06, 11, 12 and 14, where they exceeded 40ppm. The samples come from Stroitelna and Parkowa streets. At the same time the average content of this metal exceeded 30ppm. On the other hand, the lowest values were found in sample 08, where the value of nickel was lower than 20 ppm at the corner of Parkowa and Sovietsko. In the case of chromium, the highest contents were found in samples 08 and 12 (Stroitelnaja Street, Molodiezhnyi Boulevard) where it exceeded 40ppm while in other samples it was maintained at 20–30ppm, the lowest content was in sample03 below 20ppm (Ul Stroitelna near Torgovli House ). In the case of titanium, its content was above 3tys ppm. The lowest content reached in sample 05 (2tys ppm) while the highest in samples 6 and 10 exceeded 4tys ppm, taken from the Stroitelna and Parkowa Streets. In the case of cadmium in many samples, these values were around 0.02ppm whereas in tests 04–06 and 11 they were close to 1ppm and for sample 10–2ppm (Stroitelna Street).

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3.4. Disscussion

The analyzed samples come from Oleniegorska, a town whose center was built in the middle of the 20th century. It exhibits a style with a great deal of consideration for the elevation and location of individual buildings (fig. 3.5). It is surrounded by contrasting blocks of a similar layout to any other city in the USSR. The city is quiet, it seems that it was planned for a larger population than it is now. Test plaster samples showed some solid surface impurities, some of which also corrode and secondary plants (samples 03 and 08, fig. 3.6) [2, 5, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 23]. Studies in the micro area also revealed the presence of sulfur, chlorine, phosphorus and iron, zinc and dopants V, Ir (fig. 3.8, tab. 3.1–3.14). The microscopic analyzes also allowed for a certain differentiation of plaster. In some samples secondary material (slag) was used as a fill form, which may also explain the increased content of certain metals in plaster (sample 07). ICP-OAS and Asa studies have largely confirmed these analyzes. In the case of zinc background is relatively high whereas anomalies appear to be spotty. Examples are samples 01 and 14, which were collected at close distance, although in one of them the value is maximal and the second is minimal. The same is true for manganese, iron and copper. Manganese is relatively evenly distributed in the samples tested, which may be related to building materials used in the city. The iron content is mostly high in samples which is also related to its presence in various urban architectural elements. In the case of copper, its higher content can be correlated with the presence of electrical devices whose corrosion can contribute to the presence of copper in the background. Test samples. The arsenic content of the samples tested ranges from 2–5ppm. These are small values though they all exceed 2ppm. The difference in lead content seems to be much higher. Its lowest values reach 20ppm when the largest is 70. Its largest content is correlated with the locations at Parkova Street, Sieteva and Energetyka. For cadmium and chromium, the highest content was found in the Stroitelna area. The same is true with the nickel content. As far as titanium is concerned, its content is considerably higher and is in the range of 3tys ppm on average.

The highest content of titanium was found in samples of Stroitelna and Parkowa. Parkowa Street is long and takes up several metropolitan areas, hence some variation in pollution in this street. Ul Energetikov (at the intersection with Leningradskaya Rospekt), in turn, borders the industrial area of the city. The largest traffic is in the Stroitelnaja and Leningradsk pr. At the same time the streets are very long in the case of Stroitelna Street, which runs throughout the city, changing direction in the vicinity of the roundabout in the vicinity of the Hotel “Górnik”.

By examining the graph in fig. 3.4, it can be stated that the differentiation of metal content in the Oleniegorska plaster samples is small although it shows some trends. Samples taken further from the city center (higher numbers) have

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lower metal content than those collected at the center. The highest values were obtained in samples 06 and 08 taken in the city center.

Fig. 3.4. Total content of the examined metals in Olenagorska samples

3.5. Conclusion

Field studies have shown that in Oleniegorsk the oldest building of the city is built in the neoclassical style, showing today many original features. Many of these buildings have been restored, though numerous examples of corrosion resulting from the harsh climate have also followed. Plaster samples collected contain numerous solids and corrosion traces as microscopic analyzes show. Studies in the micro area also found metal admixtures in them including the presence of zinc and iron. ICP-OAS and ASA analyzes have confirmed the content of zinc and iron and many other metals whose maximum amounts can be determined at levels up to 100ppm. For metals such as cadmium, chromium, lead content is not as high as arsenic. The cause of this type of pollution is the typical anthropogenic activity in the urban area, mainly traffic, and small factories producing urban pollution [1, 4, 10–13, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25].

3.6. References

1.Beck B. D. and Brain J. D.; 1982, Prediction of the pulmonary toxicity of respirable combustion products from residential wood and coal stoves. In Residential Wood and Coal Combustion, pp. 264–280. Air Pollution Control Association, Louisville, Kentucky. Dockery D. W., Pope C. A. III, Xu X.

2.Brightman F.H.; 1959, Some factors influencing lichen growth in towns. Lichenologist 1:104–108.

3.Chojnicki Z., Czyż T.; 2004, Główne aspekty regionalnego rozwoju społecznogospodarczego [w:] Rozwój regionalny i lokalny w Polsce w latach 1989-2002, red. J. Parysek, Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań.

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4.Dettloff P.; 2006, Odbudowa i restauracja zabytków architektury w Polsce w latach 1918–1939: teoria i praktyka, Universitas, Kraków.

5.Dod, R.L., Giauque, R.D., Novakov, T.; 1986, Sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment 20, 2271–2275.

6.EMEP/MSC-W; 1998, Transboundary acidifying air pollution in Europe, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo. Research Report no. 66.

7.Gorzelak G., Jałowiecki B.; 2000, Konkurencyjność regionów, “Studia Regionalne i Lokalne”, nr 1.

8.Huber M., Hałas S., 2015: “Geochemical study of precypitates in the architectural Surfaces from Bern, Switzerland”, Annales UMCS, Sectio AAA, vol. LXX, 113–120.

9.Huber M., Lata L., 2016: “Environmental and pollution characteristics of the

Lublin Roughcast” 13th Geochronological Conference “Dating of Minerals and Rocks XII”.

2st International Conference on Biology and Earth Sciences “Bio-Geo” UMCS, Lublin, 20-21.10.2016, Geo-Science Education Journal 2016; 2 (Suppl. 1): 44-45

10.Grønskei, K.E.; 1998; Europe and its Cities. In: Fenger, J., Hertel, O., Palmgren,

F. (Eds.), Urban Air Pollution, European Aspects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 21–32.

11.J. Kowalczyk (red.); 1995, Ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego zachodnich i północnych ziem Polski, red, SKZ, PKN ICOMOS, Warszawa.

12.Magazin für die neue Historie und Geographie Angelegt; 1782, t. XVI, Halle.

13.Mukai, H.; 2001, Regional characteristics of sulfur and lead isotope ratios in the atmosphere at several Chinese urban sites. Environmental Science & Technology 35, 1064–1071.

14.Murzyn-Kupisz M.; 2009, Europejskie fundusze pomocowe a konserwacja i adaptacja obiektów zabytkowych. Szanse i zagrożenia [w:] Adaptacja obiektów zabytkowych do współczesnych funkcji użytkowych, red. B. Szmygin, Politechnika Lubelska, ICOMOS, Warszawa-Lublin.

15.Patel K. S., Dahariya N. S., Chakradhari S., Sahu P. K., Rajhans K. P., Ramteke S., Lata L., Huber M., 2015, Sewage Pollution in Central India, American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 6, 787–796

16.Piccinato G.; 1999, Specjaliści, mieszkańcy, użytkownicy. Ćwiczenia w zgodnym budowaniu [w:] Dziedzictwo a turystyka, red. J. Purchla, MCK, Kraków.

17.Perry P.M., Pavlik J. W., Sheets R.W., Biagioni R.N., 2005, Lead, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in plaster and mortar from structures in Jasper and Newton Counties, Missouri (Tri-State Mining District), [in:] Sci Total Environ.; 336 (1–3), pp. 275–281.

18.Shi, Z., Shao, L., Jones, T.P., Lu, S.; 2005, Microscopy and mineralogy of airborne particles collected during severe dust storm episodes in Beijing, China. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D01303.

19.Sharma R., Ramteke1 S., Patel1 K. S., Kumar S., Sarangi B., Agrawal S. G., Lata L., Huber M., 2015, Contamination of Lead and Mercury in Coal Basin of India, Journal of Environmental Protection, 6, 1430–1441.

20.Sharma R, Patel K. S., Lata L., Huber M., 2016, Characterization of Urban Soil with SEM-EDX, American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 7.

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21.Shuangwen Ji, 2003, An Analysis for Forming Reason of the Plaster Rock in Shasi Segment of Zhanche sag, Fault-block Oil & Gas Field, vol. 6, 45–58.

22.Stankowski W.; 1999, Wielkopolska, Wydawnictwo WSiP, Warszawa.

23.Srithawirat T., Latif M. T., 2015, Concentration of selected heavy metals in the surface dustof residential buildings in Phitsanulok, Thailand, [in:] Environmental Earth Sciences; 74 (3), pp. 2701–2706

24.Whitby, K.T., Sverdrup, G.M.; 1980, California aerosols: their physical and chemical characteristics. Advances in Environmental Science and Technology 9, 477–517.

25.Xu X.D., Zhou L., Zhou X.; 2005; Influencing domain of peripheral sources in the urban heavypollution process of Beijing. Science in China, Series D 48, 565–575.

26.Гаркотин В. Бяломоре, 2013; Издательство Нива Пресс, с. 240.

3.7. Graphic and tables attachement

Fig. 3.5. Photographs of the building type in Oleniegorsk

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OLE01

OLE02

OLE03

OLE04

OLE05

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OLE06

OLE07

OLE08

OLE09

OLE10

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OLE11

OLE12

OLE13

OLE14

Fig. 3.6. Microphotographs from the binocular magnifier (left), polarized microscope in reflected light (center) and electrons backwards scattered (right) Oleniegorsk plaster samples

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Fig 3.7. Situated sketch of the Murmansk city with markered sample localization

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