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the electron microscope the fluid must be closed to maintain proper physical conditions of measurement). High magnification images allow you to visualize and document many of the important structural features of the trials (fig. C6).

The ability to observe large magnifications is essential for documenting different samples (surface morphology, diagnostic features), accurate photographs showing the details of efflorescences, organic remains.

Fig. B5. Metallic grains at the analysing surface (electron micrographs)

In some cases, cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis is used for testing purposes. It allows the color images of various substances excited to be visible in visible light [35]. In particular, it is possible to easily distinguish between different varieties of test substances in which the induction of secondary light in visible colors (under the effect of electron beam) may be associated with a subtle change in chemical composition (eg by the presence of dopants). Lighting changes are measured by a spectroscope that transmits the results in the form of a spectrum with the wavelengths indicated. This spectrum can be interpreted from the database obtained from master samples.

Another add-on is the crystallographic orientation analyzer (EBSD), which is the device that maps the orientation of the individual crystals in the sample. Texture analysis (in Schulz's terms) allows to indicate in the analyzed sample the so-called. Directional, vector and quantitative characteristics of the degree of domination of a given texture. These studies may be applied where crystalline substances occur, eg in certain tissues or efflorescences (kidney stones) [5, 11, 21].

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B2. Optical Microscopy

The optical microscope for passing and reflected light studies provides a number of complementary information in the test samples. It is possible to define many physical and structural characteristics of the analysed samples (structure, various optical properties of the preparations resulting from their internal structure). Polarization microscope is used for observation. The technology of optical and polarized optical sample testing has been known for more than 200 years [23, 24, 28]. It consists of illuminating the specimen with light, which through the array of optical elements (lenses, polarizers) has the properties of converging beam, often polarized formulations. Many modern microscope formulations use the technology to direct the light beam through the optical elements of the two-dimensional formulation, creating the ability to observe the formulations in reflected light. An additional advantage of modern microscopes is the possibility of stereoscopic viewing of preparations and preparations of live image transmission via CCD cameras to the computer where the image is recorded and undergoes further processing using the software (fig. B6). This allows you to perform simple calculations of the preparation of the preparation and the preparation of the color intensity analysis of the sample preparation, automatic “sticking” the sharp parts of multiple images allowing for the confocal image of samples of variable specimens, uneven surface preparation also preparation for mathematical calculations (fractal, planimetric, metric) Including preparations by spectral analysis of the image obtained [14, 22–24].

Fig. B6. The photograph of optical polarized microscopy

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Photos of the preparations are made using a digital camera or a conventional photographic film. This last documentation method allows you to get enlargements and large format photo prints (eg for porter purposes). This photo may be further processed by software to extract additional detail information as described above. Optical microscope for passing light is one of the basic tools in studying biogenic and crystalline structures to produce colorful photomicrographs. An additional advantage of the optical microscope is the ability to conduct in vivo observation, in the environment of the study (eg in solutions). In special cases special purpose lenses are used for immersion tests. The resulting image usually allows for more detailed analysis, including the possibility of larger magnifications.

A special case is a polarization microscope that allows the observation of natural optical properties (the production of so-called interference colors) of various preparations such as tissues, organic substances and crystals. In this microscope the light is polarized in two polarizers arranged to either pass parallel polarized light (1 pollars), or quench them (crossed nickel). Interesting observations are made in reflected light, especially when it relates to the surface of the test specimen, its details and the optical properties of the sample [9, 15, 34].

Fig. B7. Microphotograph of the plaster using reflected light (crossed pollars)

Some of the samples are opaque to the passing light, and their observation in reflected light is of great importance (fig. B6), [4, 25, 32, 36, 37]. The ability to observe reflective samples is a complementary test method used for both transparent and non-sanitary samples. Using this technique it is possible to observe the surface of the preparation together with the color photography of the research area.

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In special cases, the use of polarizing microscopy in reflected light allows the physical properties of the formulations to be investigated taking into account their surface to obtain color micrographs. Formulations that have a large size and a non-smooth surface can be observed with a confocal microscope that is adapted to perform a number of microphotographs, and then by using an algorithm in the software to glue them together, cutting off the blurred parts of the image. This allows for a detailed photograph in spite of the depth of field constraints [6, 18, 25, 26, 41].

Some microscopes have spectroscopic attachments that allow for additional image analysis, especially in the case of fluorescence or cathodoluminescence. These phenomena cause secondary illumination of the preparation by inducing it with various laser or electron beams. These methods are complementary in optical microscopy and provide additional information related to sample structure [4, 10, 11, 17, 38].

The use of optical and electronic microscopy is a basic and powerful tool for the observation of a variety of preparations. This allows for relatively simple and quick and non-destructive testing of various preparations. This allows a variety of sample data to be easily processed and visualized in a relatively easy way by photographic documentation, taking into account the various details of the preparation, the optical properties and their chemical composition. These studies are necessary in the course of analytical procedures, since these results can make initial classification of the formulations and direct them to further studies using other instruments.

B3. Geochemical methods

Chemical analysis was carried out by Jakob method. Samples were previously decomposed in hydrofluoric acid (HF), in the presence of HClO4 [11]. The results of chemical analysis were calculated using the Newpet program according to the CIPW algorithm, in order to obtain a diagrammatic projection of rocks and the normative minerals contained therein [11]. Using inductive plasma emission spectrometry (ICP OAS), chemical analyzes of selected samples were carried out for the content of selected heavy metals. To perform the assay, samples were taken through a 0.45 μm pore size membrane filter. The minimum volume of solution required to determine one element was 0.5 ml. Time needed for a single sign-about 1 min. Threshold sensitivity of this method for iron, calcium, magnesium is 10: 1, 1 μg/dm3 respectively. Analogous tests were performed with ICP conjugated to laser ablation at selected points (this is primarily the sulphide minerals). These analysis were performed in the Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection at the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management at UMCS. Changes in the content of the analysed elements in the discussed rocks are illustrated on maps and diagrams.

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S.Ranjit and M. Levitus. Probing the interaction between fluorophores and DNA nucleotides by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 88:782–791, 2012.

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K.Kourentzi, R. C. Willson, and C. F. Landes. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy study of protein transport and dynamic interactions with clusteredcharge peptide adsorbents. Journal of Molecular Recognition, 25:435–442, 2012.

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14.Gibbins IL, Jobling P, Messenger JP, Neuronal morphology and the synaptic organisation of sympatheticganglia.JAutonNervSyst2000; 81:104–109.

15.Greenfield DS. Optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer analyzers in glaucoma.Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2002; 13:68–76.

16.Guzowski JF, McNaughton BL, Barnes CA, Imaging neural activity with temporal and cellular resolution using FISH. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2001; 11:579–584.

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17.EggerMD, PetranM. New reflected-lightmicroscope for viewing unstained brain and ganglion cells. Science 1967;157:305–307.

18.Fine A, Amos WB, Durbin RM, Confocal microscopy: applications in neurobiology. Trends Neurosci 1988; 11:346–351.

19.Frens. G. Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions. Nature, 241:20–22, 1973.

20.Hong Y-K., K. Hanchul, G. Lee, W. Kim, J-I. Park, J. Cheon, and J-Y. Koo. Controlled two-dimensional distribution of nanoparticles by spin-coating method. Applied Physics Letters, 80(5):844–846, 2002.

21.Huber M., Bonarski J.T., 2003, Investigation on the texture of LPG Using X-ray diffraction technique, PTMin, ss. 73–77.

22.Huber M.A. 2014 Mathematics planimetry map model of diversity and petrology In the Kandalaksha parto f Lapland Granulite Belt (Kola Peninsula, NW Russia). J. Biol. Earth Sci.:4(2): E61–E83.

23.Huber M.A., 2012 Dynamics of metamorphism processes by the fractal textures analysis of garnets, amphiboles and pyroxenes of Lapland Granulite Belt, Kola Peninsula, J. Biol. Earth Sci. 2 (2): E50–E55.

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28.Kimling, M. Maier, V. Okenve, H. Kotaidis, H. Ballot, and A. Plech. Turkevich method for gold nanoparticle synthesis revisited. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110:15700–15707, 2006.

29.Kittel Ch. 1999; Wstęp do fizyki ciała stałego wyd. PWN.

30.Kosewicz A., M., 2000; “Mechanika fizyczna nieidealnych krystalicznych ciał stałych”, wyd. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.

31.Kuderewicz A. 1993; “Fraktale i chaos”.

32.Nadal A, Sul JY, Valdeolmillos M, Albumin elicits calcium signals from astrocytes in brain slices from neonatal rat cortex. J Physiol 1998; 509 (Pt 3): 711–716.

33.Niell CM, Smith SJ. Live optical imaging of nervous system development. Annu Rev Physiol 2004; 66:771–798.

34.Orlik M. 1996; “Reakcje oscylacyjne porządek i chaos” WNT.

35.Segal M. Changing views of Cajal's neuron: the case of the dendritic spine. Prog Brain Res 2002; 136:101–107.

36.Sikorska M., 2005, “Kompleksowa analiza katodoluminescencyjna – interpretacja obrazów i widm CL, Przegląd Geologiczny, vol. 53 (4), 341–361.

37.Stephens DJ, Allan VJ. Light microscopy techniques for live cell imaging. Science 2003; 300:82–86.

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38.Turkevich J., P. C. Stevenson, and J. Hillier. A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold. Faraday Discussion Society, 11:55–75, 1951.

39.Wang Z., J. V. Shah, Z. Chen, C-H. Sun, and M. W. Berns. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy investigation of a gfp mutant-enhanced cyan fluorescent protein and its tubulin fusion in livin cells with two-photon excitation. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 9(2):395–403, 2004.

40.Wang J., X. Huang, F. Zan, C. Guo, C. Cao, and J. Ren. Studies on bioconjugation of quantum dots using capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Electrophoresis, 33:1987–1995, 2012.

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1. Murmansk

1.1. Introduction

The town of Murmansk is located on the peninsula. Kolski, the capital of the region and the oblast. It is a scientific, cultural and industrial center. It is an important transnational and international communication hub. In the city is the northernmost port of the frozen winter port, used for communication between northern Russia and the rest of Europe, the Americas and through the so-called. North route with Asia [29, 31, 33]. To this end, icebreakers are pouring in the city, plying ships through the Arctic Ocean. In Murmansk there is also a railway station and a transshipment station which allows a permanent connection to St. Moritz. St. Petersburg, Moscow, and the rest of Russia. This station is also used in freight and passenger links also in international traffic. The city also has an airport of similar importance. By Murmansk there is a road linking Russia with Finland and Norway. There are also consulates in Norway and Finland. There are numerous colleges in Murmansk including the Arctic State University, the Murmansk State Technical University and other schools. There are numerous theaters, museums, and oceanariums in addition to the schools in the city. At the same time, it is one of the largest cities in the Arctic, occupying the “Arctic capital” with nearly 300,000 inhabitants [32]. Residents. Murmansk also has a very interesting history due to its location in the foothills of the Kolberg Barents Sea Lagoon. Although the city itself was founded in 1916 (recently celebrated its centenary!), It is located just a little further south to Kola, which today is basically a suburban area to the agglomeration of the city, but it is over 450 years old [29, 30]. The history of the city starts with the construction of the railway line from St. St. Petersburg and the construction of the port in a more convenient place. The city of Murmansk, though established relatively recently, has undergone a steady development due to the strategic location and climatic conditions that have not been so bad in this region, soaked by the warm Norwegian current. The city played a key role in the years of the revolution (1918–1920) and during World War II and later [2]. Due to the convenient connection and abundant raw materials on the fence. Murmansk's Kola was constantly undergoing expansion, becoming the Soviet and then the Russian “window to the world”. The role of the city at that time was constantly growing with the population. The town is located in the immediate vicinity of the Kolski Lagoon, stretching to the nearby hills, where you can enjoy a beautiful, picturesque view of the city.

The Murmansk climate is much milder than its geographic location. It is located in the arctic zone of the Atlantic Arctic climate. The activity of warm sea currents from the Atlantic significantly alleviates the city's climate. The winter temperature in Murmansk is about –10°C and the frost is rare. It may

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happen that the temperature in the vicinity of zero degrees Celsius long. Frequent occurrence is also a thaw. In general, winter arrives in the city a month later than in other cities located in similar latitudes. In the summer, the importance of rains and colds, due to the high humidity of the sea air, is more common. However, when winds from the south appear, they can significantly reduce winter temperatures and increase significantly in summer. During this time in winter, frosts may reach up to –30°C and in summer the temperature can rise up to +28°C. Snow cover is maintained in the city for about 210 days. The minimum temperature was recorded on January 6, 1985 and January 27, 1999 (–39.4´C) and maximum at +32.9´C on July 9, 1972. Due to the location of the city the polar night lasts from December 2 to January 11 and the polar day from May 22 to July 22.

1.2. Preparate samples

Field work was done in the city in the summer of 2016, preceded by previous research conducted in 2010–2015. During the field work inventory of tenements was made, photographic documentation was taken and plaster samples were taken. In the next stage, these samples were brought to the Department of Geosciences and Leprosy Protection, where they were observed using a binocular microscope and an optical Leica DM2500P polarization microscope. Subsequently, these samples were subjected to the Hitachi SU6600 Scanning Electron Microscope, where electron micrographs were retuned and microscope studies were performed. Subsequently, the samples were examined at the Soil Science and Soil Conservation Department by means of ICP-OAS and ASA on the content of selected heavy metals. The results were developed mathematically using Microsoft Excel and Surfer.

1.3. Results

The oldest Murmansk building dates back to the 20th century (fig. 1.5) [29]. Murmansk city center is built in Neoclassical style on the St. Petersburg [29]. When constructing buildings to Murmansk, famous architects of Petersburscy, who were involved in house design and construction in the interwar period, were brought in. These buildings at the time were modern buildings with all conveniences (central heating, kitchen, bathrooms in apartments, etc.). At present, these houses, especially along the main thoroughfares of the city, such as the neighborhood of the Five Angles Square, Lenin and Cheluskincev are restored and preserved in very good condition. There are many wooden buildings in the town, but in bad technical condition, they are systematically removed (though it is a shame because they have a very interesting style). For the development of these buildings are mostly blocks of planking, which are numbered around the strict center. Due to the nature of the

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substrate, the city mainly developed in the north-south with slight deviations to the east. The western part separated by the Kołobrzeg flood is very remnant. It was not until the 21st century that a lagoon was opened crossing the two parts of the city with one another. This results in a relatively high contrast between the city's strict development on the eastern side and the hilly terrain of the westfacing forest. In the city there are new buildings put up in different technologies (plates, bricks, etc.). Their state today is no doubt (fig. 1.5).

The state of urban development is different. After a strict center, where the houses have a well-restored facade, tenements and buildings further away from the center are also preserved. This, however, is due to the severity of the climate, which dampens any of the dampnesses that result from the freezing of the extensive destruction that results in the fall of entire walls. These hazards also apply to townhouses in the very center where they are intensively destroyed by the effects of arctic climate processes. In addition to frequent humidification, there is also visible solid matter adsorbed on the surface of homes. Residential houses on large plates are underfed, resulting in high energy losses due to improper insulation, and because of their construction period, they are often gray and dirty, overwhelming the city view, though they bear traces of old decorations that over time have been obliterated (fig. 1.6).

Plaster samples were taken from buildings erected in the city (fig. 1.7) and other buildings (walls, columns) that were examined with a binocular magnifier (fig. 1.6). Microscopic studies have shown their diversity. Plasters differed in color, texture, mineral admixture and impurities. Mineral found in the following samples: 01, 15, 20, 23 and 24, 28 (quartz), 02, 30 (sand), 16, 31 (muscovite). Traces of color were found in samples: 05 and 28 (yellow), 12, 24, 26 (red), 29 (green) and paint crumbs in samples 06, 10, 13, 16, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26 28, 29 and 34. Some samples have traces of plant activity (algae, mosses, lichens: samples 12, 18–20, 33, 35). Dark dirt was found in samples 01, 04, 07–19, 21–23, 25–27, 28–32 and 35). Photographs of retrograde electrons showed that in samples 01, 03–06, 10, 11, 14, 16–19, 21–23, 25, 26, 30, 33–35 were found to be metallic impurities, furthermore, samples 05 and 32 were found Large accumulation of iron compounds probably rust. Sample 13 (sulfate) was found in sample 21 and sample 19 was found in sample. Microarray analyzes using EDS showed that high carbon accumulation occurs in samples 03–04, 22, 27–29 and 34. In addition, the presence of elements such as iron (samples 01, 06–08, 10, 11, 13–22, 24, 25, 27–33 and 35), titanium (samples 22, 25, 30), zinc (samples 05, 20, 24, 28), lead (samples 04, 34 and 35) and V (sample 28) Sulfur (samples 04, 07–11, 14–21, 24–26, 28, 29,34 and 35) phosphorus (samples 06, 07, 10, 11, 20, 25, 29, 32) and chlorine (samples 20, 21, 23, 26, 29 and 33). These relationships were also depicted in the cumulative diagram (fig. 1.1, tab. 1–35).

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