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2. Apatity

2.1. Introduction

Apatite city, located in the central part of the city. Kolski. Despite its small size (about 61,000 inhabitants), it is a significant scientific and industrial center. Located at the foot of the largest alkaline Chibina massif, on the international railway route to Murmansk and St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg and the route also to Finland and Norway and the airport, the city has very convenient connections, however, mainly with the capital of the region and the capital of the state [30, 31, 33, 37]. In the vicinity there are numerous mining and processing plants mainly associated with apatite-nephelin ore [32, 33]. There is also a rapidly growing food industry (dairy products) [36]. The Apollo is housed in the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which conducts extensive research specializing mainly in the field of exploration of the Arctic and the Baltic Shield. The city also has some tourist attractions with tourist information, nearby trails to the mountains, and the ski resort in Kirov. The landscapes of the Chibin mountains of the alpine nature are complemented by the charms of this charming little town. The history of the city's inauguration is inseparable from the mining and geological cognitive work carried out in this region [32, 33, 34]. After building and bringing the railway there was a further development of the city. At first as a mining and exploration settlement flourished at Kirovsk, but due to its more convenient location, it quickly began to grow and today it is a bigger city than Kirovsk, although it was granted city rights in 1966 [37]. Although it is the center of Kirovska is built in neoclassical manners, but in Apatity there are also buildings that are related to the early history of the city [30]. The original wooden buildings were almost entirely supplanted by the predominant planking building in the city. This technology has built a number of residential buildings that make up the estate. These buildings are usually not warmed up and often unpainted to form a gray characteristic city landscape.

Due to the location of the city, it is characterized by a typical subarctic climate with slightly milder but longer winters – lasting 5 to 7 months and cool summers. The climate, however, is not as sharp as in other northern cities, mitigated by the influence of the Norwegian current. However, the nearby presence of the mountains contributes to a significant exacerbation of the climate. While the average annual temperature in the city fluctuates within 1´C, in the nearby mountains it drops to –3´C for their peak peaks. These mountains also contribute to the increased rainfall. The average January temperature is around –14°C and in the summer +13°C. However, larger frosts occur less frequently. Snow cover in Apatity is maintained for 250 days a year (although in the mountains there are places where the snow can lie even throughout the year).

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The polar night in Apatity lasts from December 15 to 28 and the polar day from May 20 to July 27 [30].

2.2. Preparation samples to test

Field studies carried out in the Apatity carried out inventory and photographic documentation (fig. 2.7). The plaster samples collected during these studies were examined using optical analyzes (binocular microscope, optical microscope) and were also examined in a microscope using a scanning electron microscope from the EDS. The samples were then examined using ICP-OAS and ASA. The results of this study were developed using Excel and Surfer software.

2.3. Results

Field studies carried out in the city showed the presence of few brick buildings mainly of public interest, mainly located in the centre of the central square and Lenin Street. The remaining residential buildings are mainly built of large panels and, after a few investments, mainly come from the Soviet period. As in other cities in the region, they suffer from heat loss, humidity increase, and physical weathering, which causes the slits to crack the building as a result of moisture migration. This contributes to the rapid process of destroying mainly brick buildings. Buildings made of a large board usually show better behaviour thanks to large cement slabs, which make it difficult to penetrate water and hydrocarbon-based insulation is practically insensitive to moisture, making it much more difficult to weather. However, the lack of maintenance work on a larger scale causes the appearance of adsorbed solids on the surface of buildings and the formation of streaks that are visible in less protected areas. There is also crushing and intense erosion of the cement surfaces (fig. 2.6).

Microscopic analysis showed a variety of plasters. There are samples that show red paint (sample 04), cream (sample 02, 03, 09), blue (sample 03, 11) and grey (sample 06), and some samples found mineral grains in the form of grains of sand (samples 01, 05, 07, 10, 12, fig 2.6). In addition, microscopic studies have shown small amounts of fine black impurities (samples 01, 03, 05, 08, 09, 11 and 12, fig. 2.8) and a small amount of particulates (samples 01, 04, 06–12). In samples 04, 07, 10 also found the presence of plants (algae, moss, fig. 2.7). Barite admixtures were found in samples 03, 06 and 07 (fig. 2.8, tab. 2.1–2.12). Microarray research has shown that carbonaceous contaminants appeared in sample 07. Contamination with sulfur compounds (samples 03, 06–12), phosphorus (samples 01–03 and 05), and chlorine (sample 02) were also found. In addition, the following metals were found: iron (all samples except 09), titanium (samples 01–03, 05, 08, 11 and 12), zinc (samples 02, 03, 05–07 and 11) lead (samples 06 and 09) And V (sample 08) and W (samples 07

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and 06). Studies of cumulative contaminants in samples using microarray analysis (fig. 2.1, 2.8, tab. 2.1–2.12) showed that the most contaminants were found in samples 02, 03, 06 and 07, respectively, from the corner of Kosmonaut and Sieviernaya streets (at car garages) 25 Sieviernaya St., 17 Lenina St and Central Square (KNC RAN).

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5

4

3

2

1

0

AP01 AP02 AP03 AP04 AP05 AP06 AP07 AP08 AP09 AP10 AP11 AP12

C S Cl P Fe Ti Zn Pb V W

Fig. 2.1. Compilation of pollutants in the examined plaster samples of Apatity

Studies with ICP-OAS and ASA showed that variations in heavy metals varied in these samples (fig. 2.2, 2.3). For zinc, the highest content was found in samples 07 and 04 (Fersmana Street) where the metal content exceeded 700ppm, while the lowest content by order of magnitude was found in samples 09 and 12 (Pushkina Street). In case of manganese, the highest content of this element was found in sample 09 (Kozłowa Street) and 05 and 12 (Fersmana Street), where it reached 300ppm, whereas in the other samples it usually exceeded 200ppm and the lowest was in samples 02, 03 and 10, 11 where it reached 100ppm (u. Severnaya, Stroiteley). Iron usually constitutes a significant share of the samples tested. The highest values of this element were found in samples 06–08 (Fersman, Lenin, and 03) where values exceeded 10ths ppm. The lowest values of this metal were found in samples 5, 10 and 11, up to 7ths ppm (Stroiteley, Pushkin). Copper was registered in samples of 05–07 where its values were up to 50ppm (Lenina Street) and the lowest concentration was recorded in samples 02, 03, 08 and 12 up to 20ppm (Severnaya Street, Fersmana Street). The arsenic in the samples tested was not too great, although in all tested plasters it exceeded 2ppm (minimum for samples 02.05, 12.12) and maximum 6ppm for samples 06–08, 03 and 11 (Lenin, Fersman). Most lead was measured in samples 06–08 (Fersman and Lenin Streets), although in sample 06 this value was significantly higher than 100ppm, relatively high lead was also found in sample 12. The lowest content of this metal was found in samples 10 and 11 from Stroiteley (Below the detection scale). In the case of nickel, the highest amount of this element was found in samples 02 and 03 where values exceeded

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250 ppm (Severnaya Street), while the remaining samples were usually less than 50 and the lowest were found in sample 08–4 ppm (Fersman Street). Chromium usually exhibited high concentrations. The highest concentrations of this element were found in samples of 01, 09, 10 at 34ppm (Fersman’s), the lowest value found in sample 03–7ppm (Severnaya St). In the case of titanium, it was found in samples 06 and 09 over 4,000 ppm (Lenin and Kozlov) and the lowest in samples 5 and 11 of about 2ty ppm (ul Stroiteley). For cadmium, the content of the samples was found in samples 03, 08 and 11 (Stroiteley, Fersman, Severnaya, above 1ppm). In many other samples the content was below the detection limit (samples 01, 04–06, 09, 10, 12).

Fig. 2.2. Zawartość badanych metali w analizowanych próbkach w oparciu o analizę

ICP-OAS [ppm]

The comparison of the maximum and minimum content and the mean content of heavy metals in the test samples (fig. 2.3) shows some variation. Relatively similar content was found for manganese, iron, arsenic, copper, titanium and cadmium. The greatest variation has been found in the content of lead, nickel and zinc.

Fig. 2.3. Compare of the metals countents scale in samples

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