Further Reading

Overview

Allouni AK, Davis W, Mankad K, Rankine J, Davagnanam I (2013) Modern spinal instrumentation. Part 2: multimodality imaging approach for assessment of complications. Clin Radiol 68(1):75–81

Davis W, Allouni AK, Mankad K, Prezzi D, Elias T, Rankine J, Davagnanam I (2013) Modern spinal instrumentation. Part 1: normal spinal implants. Clin Radiol 68(1):64–74

Thakkar RS, Malloy JP 4th, Thakkar SC, Carrino JA, Khanna AJ (2012) Imaging the postoperative spine. Radiol Clin N Am 50(4):731–747

Spine Decompression: Laminotomy

and Foraminotomy

Genevay S, Atlas SJ (2010) Lumbar spinal stenosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 24(2):253–265

Yuan PS, Booth RE Jr, Albert TJ (2005) Nonsurgical and surgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis. Instr Course Lect 54:303–312

Laminectomy

Angevine PD, Kellner C, Haque RM, McCormick PC (2011) Surgical management of ventral intradural spinal lesions. J Neurosurg Spine 15(1):28–37

Mall JC, Kaiser JA (1987) The usual appearance of the postoperative lumbar spine. Radiographics 7(2):245–269

Mathews HH, Long BH (2002) Minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of intervertebral disk herniation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 10(2):80–85

Park J, Lee JB, Park JY, Lim DJ, Kim SD, Chung YK (2007) Spinal cord infarction after decompressive laminectomy for spontaneous spinal epidural hema- toma–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 47(7):325–327

Turker RJ, Slack C, Regan Q (1995) Thoracic paraplegia after lumbar spinal surgery. J Spinal Disord 8(3):195–200

Facetectomy

Epstein NE (2002) Foraminal and far lateral lumbar disc herniations: surgical alternatives and outcome measures. Spinal Cord 40(10):491–500

Frizzell RT, Hadley MN (1993) Lumbar microdiscectomy with medial facetectomy. Techniques and analysis of results. Neurosurg Clin N Am 4(1):109–115

Microdiscectomy

Casey KF, Chang MK, O’Brien ED, Yuan HA, McCullen GM, Schaffer J, Kambin P (1997) Arthroscopic microdiscectomy: comparison of preoperative and postoperative imaging studies. Arthroscopy 13(4):438–445

Findlay GF, Hall BI, Musa BS, Oliveira MD, Fear SC (1998) A 10-year follow-up of the outcome of lumbar microdiscectomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 23(10):1168– 1171, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Kambin P, Zhou L (1997) Arthroscopic discectomy of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 337:49–57

Nygaard OP, Jacobsen EA, Solberg T, Kloster R, Dullerud R (1999) Nerve root signs on postoperative lumbar MR imaging. A prospective cohort study with contrast enhanced MRI in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients one year after microdiscectomy. Acta Neurochir 141(6):619–622; discussion 623

Laminoplasty

Hale JJ, Gruson KI, Spivak JM (2006) Laminoplasty: a review of its role in compressive cervical myelopathy. Spine J 6(6 Suppl):289S–298S

Matz PG, Anderson PA, Groff MW, Heary RF, Holly LT, Kaiser MG, Mummaneni PV, Ryken TC, Choudhri TF, Vresilovic EJ, Resnick DK (2009) Joint section on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Cervical laminoplasty for the treatment of cervical degenerative myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 11(2):157–169

Ratliff JK, Cooper PR (2003) Cervical laminoplasty: a critical review. J Neurosurg 98(3 Suppl):230–238

Vertebrectomy

Boriani S, Biagini R, Bandiera S, Gasbarrini A, De LF (2002) Reconstruction of the anterior column of the thoracic and lumbar spine with a carbon fiber stack-­ able cage system. Orthopedics 25(1):37–42

Douglas AF, Cooper PR (2007) Cervical corpectomy and strut grafting. Neurosurgery 60(1 Supp 1):S137–S142 Dickman CA, Rosenthal D, Karahalios DG, Paramore CG, Mican CA, Apostolides PJ, Lorenz R, Sonntag VK (1996) Thoracic vertebrectomy and reconstruction using a microsurgical thoracoscopic approach.

Neurosurgery 38(2):279–293

Klezl Z, Bagley CA, Bookland MJ, Wolinsky JP, Rezek Z, Gokaslan ZL (2007) Harms titanium mesh cage fracture. Eur Spine J 16(Suppl 3):306–310

Krepler P, Windhager R, Bretschneider W, Toma CD, Kotz R (2002) Total vertebrectomy for primary ­malignant tumours of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84(5):712–715

Miyamoto K, Shimizu K, Nozawa S, Sakaguchi Y, Toki M, Hosoe H (2003 May 15) Kyphectomy using a surgical threadwire (T-saw) for kyphotic deformity in a child with myelomeningocele. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28(10):E187–E190

Obeid I, Guerin P, Gille O, Gangnet N, Aurouer N, Pointillart V, Vital JM (2011) Total vertebrectomy and spine shortening in the management of acute thoracic spine fracture dislocation: technical note and report of 3 cases. J Spinal Disord Tech 24(5):340–345

Rutherford EE, Tarplett LJ, Davies EM, Harley JM, King LJ (2007) Lumbar spine fusion and stabilization: hardware, techniques, and imaging appearances. Radiographics 27(6):1737–1749

Tomita K, Kawahara N (1996) The threadwire saw: a new device for cutting bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78(12):1915–1917

van der Haven I, van Loon PJ, Bartels RH, van Susante JL (2005) Anterior cervical interbody fusion with radiolucent carbon fiber cages: clinical and radiological results. Acta Orthop Belg 71(5):604–609

Zdeblick TA, Phillips FM (2003) Interbody cage devices. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28(15 Suppl):S2–S7

Cordectomy

Ewelt C, Stummer W, Klink B, Felsberg J, Steiger HJ, Sabel M (2010) Cordectomy as final treatment option for diffuse intramedullary malignant glioma using 5-ALA fluorescence-guided resection. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 112(4):357–361

Kyoshima K, Ito K, Tanabe A, Iwashita T, Goto T, Sato A, Nakayama J (2002) Malignant astrocytoma of the conus medullaris treated by spinal cordectomy. J Clin Neurosci 9(2):211–216

Raza SM, Anderson WS, Eberhart CG, Wolinsky JP, Gokaslan ZL (2005) The application of surgical cordectomy in the management of an intramedullary-­ extramedullary atypical meningioma: case report and literature review. J Spinal Disord Tech 18(5):449–454

Spine Stabilization and Fusion: Halo

and Traction Devices

Clayman DA, Murakami ME, Vines FS (1990) Compatibility of cervical spine braces with MR imaging: a study of nine nonferrous devices. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11(2):385–390

Hunter TB, Yoshino MT, Dzioba RB, Light RA, Berger WG (2004) Medical devices of the head, neck, and spine. Radiographics 24(1):257–285

Lerman JA, Haynes RJ, Koeneman EJ, Koeneman JB, Wong WB (1994) A biomechanical comparison of GardnerWells tongs and halo device used for cervical spine traction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 19(21):2403–2406

Bone Graft Materials

Beaman FD, Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Kransdorf MJ, Menke DM, DeOrio JK (2006) Imaging characteristics of bone graft materials. Radiographics 26(2):373–388

Khanna G, Lewonowski K, Wood KB (2006) Initial results of anterior interbody fusion achieved with a less invasive bone harvesting technique. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31(1):111–114

Moore ST, Katz JM, Zhukauskas RM, Hernandez RM, Lewis CS, Supronowicz PR, Gill E, Grover SM, Long NS, Cobb RR (2011) Osteoconductivity and Osteoinductivity of Puros(R) DBM Putty. J Biomater Appl 26(2):151–171

Sethi A, Craig J, Bartol S, Chen W, Jacobsen M, Coe C, Vaidya R (2011) Radiographic and CT evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-­2-­ assisted spinal interbody fusion. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197(1):W128–W133

Implantable Bone Stimulators

Hughes MS, Anglen JO (2010) The use of implantable bone stimulators in nonunion treatment. Orthopedics 10:151–157

Rogozinski A, Rogozinski C (1996) Efficacy of implanted bone growth stimulation in instrumented lumbosacral spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21(21):2479–2483

Victoria G, Petrisor B, Drew B, Dick D (2009) Bone stimulation for fracture healing: what’s all the fuss? Indian J Orthop [serial online] 43:117–120, Cited 2012 Jan 13

Odontoid Screw Fixation

Daher MT, Daher S, Nogueira-Barbosa MH, Defino HL (2011) Computed tomographic evaluation of odontoid process: implications for anterior screw fixation of odontoid fractures in an adult population. Eur Spine J 20(11):1908–1914

Hsu WK, Anderson PA (2010) Odontoid fractures: update on management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 18(7):383–394

Anterior Cervical Fusion

Akutsu H, Yanaka K, Sakamoto N, Matsumura A, Nose T (2004) Transient long segment spinal cord hyperintensity after anterior cervical discectomy. J Clin Neurosci 11(8):932–934

Blumenthal SL, Baker J, Dossett A, Selby DK (1988) The role of anterior lumbar fusion for internal disc disruption. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 13(5):566–569

Bose B (1998) Anterior cervical fusion using Caspar plating: analysis of results and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 49(1):25–31

Freudenberger C, Lindley EM, Beard DW, Reckling WC, Williams A, Burger EL, Patel VV (2009) Posterior versus anterior lumbar interbody fusion with anterior tension band plating: retrospective analysis. Orthopedics 32(7):492

Kraus DR, Stauffer ES (1975) Spinal cord injury as a complication of elective anterior cervical fusion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 112:130–141

Winslow CP, Meyers AD (1999) Otolaryngologic complications of the anterior approach to the cervical spine. Am J Otolaryngol 20(1):16–27

Yonenobu K, Hosono N, Iwasaki M, Asano M, Ono K (1991) Neurologic complications of surgery for cervical compression myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 16(11):1277–1282

Anterior Approach Thoracolumbar

Spine Stabilization Devices

Cardenas RJ, Javalkar V, Patil S, Gonzalez-Cruz J, Ogden A, Mukherjee D, Nanda A (2010) Comparison of allograft bone and titanium cages for vertebral body replacement in the thoracolumbar spine: a biomechanical study. Neurosurgery 66(6 Suppl Operative):314–318; discussion 318

Kanayama M, Ishida T, Hashimoto T, Shigenobu K, Togawa D, Oha F, Kaneda K (2010) Role of major spine surgery using Kaneda anterior instrumentation for osteoporotic vertebral collapse. J Spinal Disord Tech 23(1):53–56

Posterior Fusion

Amato V, Giannachi L, Irace C, Corona C (2010) Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the lumbosacral spine using conventional technique: computed tomography postoperative assessment in 102 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg Spine 12(3):306–313

Bransford RJ, Lee MJ, Reis A (2011) Posterior fixation of the upper cervical spine: contemporary techniques. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 19(2):63–71

Hicks JM, Singla A, Shen FH, Arlet V (2010) Complications of pedicle screw fixation in scoliosis surgery: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(11):E465–E470

Horn EM, Theodore N, Crawford NR, Bambakidis NC, Sonntag VK (2008) Transfacet screw placement for posterior fixation of C-7. J Neurosurg Spine 9(2):200–206

Kang HY, Lee SH, Jeon SH, Shin SW (2007) Computed tomography-guided percutaneous facet screw fixation in the lumbar spine. Technical note. J Neurosurg Spine 7(1):95–98

Kim DJ, Yun YH, Moon SH, Riew KD (2004) Posterior instrumentation using compressive laminar hooks and anterior interbody arthrodesis for the treatment of tuberculosis of the lower lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29(13):E275–E279

Slone RM, MacMillan M, Montgomery WJ, Heare M (1993) Spinal fixation. Part 2. Fixation techniques and hardware for the thoracic and lumbosacral spine. Radiographics 13(3):521–543

Zampolin R, Erdfarb A, Miller T (2014) Imaging of lumbar spine fusion. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 24(2):269–286

Occiptiocervical Fusion

Ahmed R, Traynelis VC, Menezes AH (2008) Fusions at the craniovertebral junction. Childs Nerv Syst 24(10):1209–1224

Blacklock JB (1994) Fracture of a sublaminar stainless steel cable in the upper cervical spine with neurological injury. Case report. J Neurosurg 81(6):932–933

Inamasu J, Kim DH, Klugh A (2005) Posterior instrumentation surgery for craniocervical junction instabilities: an update. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 45(9):439–447

Lall R, Patel NJ, Resnick DK (2010) A review of complications associated with craniocervical fusion surgery. Neurosurgery 67(5):1396–1402; discussion 1402–1403

Stock GH, Vaccaro AR, Brown AK, Anderson PA (2006) Contemporary posterior occipital fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(7):1642–1649

Scoliosis Rods

Mohaideen A, Nagarkatti D, Banta JV, Foley CL (2000) Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Radiol 30(2):110–118

Nectoux E, Giacomelli MC, Karger C, Herbaux B, Clavert JM (2010) Complications of the Luque-Galveston scoliosis correction technique in paediatric cerebral palsy. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 96(4):354–361

Steinmetz MP, Rajpal S, Trost G (2008) Segmental spinal instrumentation in the management of scoliosis. Neurosurgery 63(3 Suppl):131–138

Vertebral Stapling

Betz RR, Ranade A, Samdani AF, Chafetz R, D’Andrea LP, Gaughan JP, Asghar J, Grewal H, Mulcahey MJ (2010) Vertebral body stapling: a fusionless treatment option for a growing child with moderate idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(2):169–176,

Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA. rbetz@shrinenet.org

Guille JT, D’Andrea LP, Betz RR (2007) Fusionless treatment of scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am 38(4):541– 545. vii

Trobisch PD, Samdani A, Cahill P, Betz RR (2011) Vertebral body stapling as an alternative in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Oper Orthop Traumatol 23(3):227–231

Vertical Expandable Prosthetic

Titanium Rib (VEPTR)

Emans JB, Caubet JF, Ordonez CL, Lee EY, Ciarlo M (2005) The treatment of spine and chest wall deformities with fused ribs by expansion thoracostomy and insertion of vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib: growth of thoracic spine and improvement of lung volumes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30(17 Suppl):S58–S68

Interbody Fusion

Anjarwalla NK, Morcom RK, Fraser RD (2006) Supplementary stabilization with anterior lumbar intervertebral fusion–a radiologic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31(11):1281–1287

Blumenthal SL, Ohnmeiss DD, NASS (2003) Intervertebral cages for degenerative spinal diseases. Spine J 3(4):301–309

Botolin S, Agudelo J, Dwyer A (2010) High rectal injury during trans-1 axial lumbar interbody fusion L5–S1 fixation. Spine 35(4):E144–E148

Cauthen JC, Theis RP, Allen AT (2003) Anterior cervical fusion: a comparison of cage, dowel and dowel-plate constructs. Spine J 3(2):106–117; discussion 117

Kim KS, Yang TK, Lee JC (2005) Radiological changes in the bone fusion site after posterior lumbar interbody fusion using carbon cages impacted with laminar bone chips: follow-up study over more than 4 years. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30(6):655–660

Murtagh RD, Quencer RM, Castellvi AE, Yue JJ (2011) New techniques in lumbar spinal instrumentation: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiology 260:317–330 Ozgur BM, Aryan HE, Pimenta L, Taylor WR (2006) Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF): a novel ­surgical technique for anterior interbody fusion. Spine

6:435–443

Rutherford EE, Tarplett LJ, Davies EM, Harley JM, King LJ (2007) Lumbar spine fusion and stabilization: hardware, techniques, and imaging appearances. Radiographics 27(6):1737–1749

Williams AL, Gornet MF, Burkus JK (2005) CT evaluation of lumbar interbody fusion: current concepts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26(8):2057–2066

Zdeblick TA, Phillips FM (2003) Interbody cage devices. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28(15 Suppl):S2–S7

Dynamic Stabilization and

Miscellaneous Devices of the Spine:

Total Disc Replacement

Cinotti G, David T, Postacchini F (1996) Results of disc prosthesis after a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21(8):995–1000

David T (2007) Long-term results of one-level lumbar arthroplasty: minimum 10-year follow-up of the CHARITE artificial disc in 106 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32(6):661–666

Lemaire JP, Skalli W, Lavaste F, Templier A, Mendes F, Diop A, Sauty V, Laloux E (1997) Intervertebral disc prosthesis. Results and prospects for the year 2000. Clin Orthop Relat Res 337:64–67

Lemaire JP, Carrier H, Sariali el H, Skalli W, Lavaste F (2005) Clinical and radiological outcomes with the Charité artificial disc: a 10-year minimum follow-up. J Spinal Disord Tech 18(4):353–359

Marnay T (2002) Lumbar disc replacement: 1–11 years results with ProDisc. Presented at the fourth annual meeting of the Spine Society of Europe, Nantes, 2002

Marshman LA, Friesem T, Rampersaud YR, Le Huec JC, Krishna M (2008) Subsidence and malplacement with the Oblique Maverick Lumbar Disc Arthroplasty: technical note. Spine J 8(4):650–655

Mayer HM (2005) Total disc replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87(8):1029–1037

Murtagh RD, Quencer RM, Cohen DS et al (2009) Normal and abnormal imaging findings in lumbar total disk replacement: devices and complications. Radiographics 29:105–118

Phillips FM, Garfin SR (2005) Cervical disc replacement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30(17 Suppl):S27–S33

Shim CS, Lee S, Maeng DH, Lee SH (2005) Vertical split fracture of the vertebral body following total disc replacement using ProDisc: report of two cases. J Spinal Disord Tech 18(5):465–469

van den Eerenbeemt KD, Ostelo RW, van Royen BJ, Peul WC, van Tulder MW (2010) Total disc replacement surgery for symptomatic degenerative lumbar disc disease: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J 19(8):1262–1280

van Ooij A, Oner FC, Verbout AJ (2003) Complications of artificial disc replacement: a report of 27 patients with the SB Charite disc. J Spinal Disord Tech 16(4):369–383

Nucleus Pulposus Replacement

Coric D, Mummaneni PV (2008) Nucleus replacement technologies. J Neurosurg Spine 8(2):115–120

Murtagh RD, Quencer RM, Castellvi AE, Yue JJ (2011) New techniques in lumbar spinal instrumentation: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiology 260:317–330