Fig. 6.60  Cerebellar slump syndrome. Sagittal T1-weighted (a) and axial FLAIR (b) MR images show distortion of the brainstem and inferior positioning and

Further Reading

Types of Procedures

External Ventricular Drainage

Dasic D, Hanna SJ, Bojanic S, Kerr RS (2006) External ventricular drain infection: the effect of a strict protocol on infection rates and a review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg 20(5):296–300

Gigante P, Hwang BY, Appelboom G, Kellner CP, Kellner MA, Connolly ES (2010) External ventricular drainage following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 24(6):625–632

Rappaport ZH, Shalit MN (1989) Perioperative external ventricular drainage in obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to infratentorial brain tumours. Acta Neurochir 96(3–4): 118–121

Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts

Ahn ES, Bookland M, Carson BS, Weingart JD, Jallo GI (2007) The Strata programmable valve for shunt-­ dependent hydrocephalus: the pediatric experience at a single institution. Childs Nerv Syst 23(3): 297–303

Bartynski WS, Valliappan S, Uselman JH, Spearman MP (2000) The adult radiographic shuntogram. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(4):721–726

Desai KR, Babb JS, Amodio JB (2007) The utility of the plain radiograph “shunt series” in the evaluation of

crowding of the posterior fossa contents. The calvarium is markedly thickened, presumably due to chronic shunting effects and decreased intracranial pressure

suspected ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure in pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol 37(5):452–456

Goeser CD, McLeary MS, Young LW (1998) Diagnostic imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunctions and complications. Radiographics 18(3):635–651

Lollis SS, Mamourian AC, Vaccaro TJ, Duhaime AC (2010) Programmable CSF shunt valves: radiographic identification and interpretation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31(7):1343–1346

Maller VV, Agarwal A, Kanekar S (2016) Imaging of ventricular shunts. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 37(2): 159–173

Mangano FT, Menendez JA, Habrock T, Narayan P, Leonard JR, Park TS, Smyth MD (2005) Early programmable valve malfunctions in pediatric hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 103(6 Suppl):501–507

Turner MS (1995) The treatment of hydrocephalus: a brief guide to shunt selection. Surg Neurol 43(4):314–319; discussion 319–323

Wallace AN, McConathy J, Menias CO, Bhalla S, Wippold FJ 2nd (2014) Imaging evaluation of CSF shunts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 202(1):38–53.

Atypical Ventricular Shunts

Girotti ME, Singh RR, Rodgers BM (2009) The ventriculo-­gallbladder shunt in the treatment of refractory hydrocephalus: a review of the current literature. Am Surg 75(8):734–737

Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP (1983) Experience with ventriculo-pleural shunts. Childs Brain 10(6):404–413

Küpeli E, Yilmaz C, Akçay S (2010) Pleural effusion following ventriculopleural shunt: case reports and review of the literature. Ann Thorac Med 5(3):166–170

Zhang J, Qu C, Wang Z, Wang C, Ding X, Pan S, Ji Y (2009) Improved ventriculoatrial shunt for cerebrospinal fluid diversion after multiple ventriculoperitoneal shunt failures. Surg Neurol 72(Suppl 1):S29–S33; discussion S33–S34

Ventriculosubgaleal Shunts

Fulmer BB, Grabb PA, Oakes WJ, Mapstone TB (2000) Neonatal ventriculosubgaleal shunts. Neurosurgery 47(1):80–83; discussion 83–84

Rizvi SA, Wood M (2010) Ventriculosubgaleal shunting for post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature neonates. Pediatr Neurosurg 46(5):335–339

Savitz MH, Malis LI (2000) Subgaleal shunting: a 20-year experience. Neurosurg Focus 9(6):ecp1

Cystoperitoneal and

Cystoventriculostomy Shunts

Barrett C, Prasad KS, Hill J, Johnson I, Heaton JM, Crossman JE, Mendelow AD (2010) Image-guided drainage of cystic vestibular schwannomata. Acta Neurochir 152(1):177–180

Guzel A, Trippel M, Ostertage CB (2007) Suprasellar arachnoid cyst: a 20-year follow-up after stereotactic internal drainage: case report and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg 17(3):211–218

Helland CA, Wester K (2007) A population based study of intracranial arachnoid cysts: clinical and neuroimaging outcomes following surgical cyst decompression in adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78: 1129–1135

Zhang J, Zhao SY, Yuan XH (2006) Stereotactic cyst/ ventricular-peritoneal shunting for the treatment of prepontine arachnoid cyst: case report. Surg Neurol 66(6):616–618; discussion 618

Ventriculo-Cisternal (Torkildsen)

Shunts

Morota N, Ihara S, Araki T (2010) Torkildsen shunt: re-­ evaluation of the historical procedure. Childs Nerv Syst 26(12):1705–1710

Schulder M, Maniker AH, Lee HJ (1999) Cervical myelopathy due to migration of Torkildsen’s shunt: case report. Surg Neurol 51(1):27–30

Percutaneously Accessed

Cerebrospinal Fluid Reservoirs

Gnanalingham KK, Lafuente J, Harkness W (2003) Intraventricular migration of a Rickham reservoir: endoscopic retrieval. Childs Nerv Syst 19(12): 831–833

Köksal V, Oktem S (2010) Ventriculosubgaleal shunt procedure and its long-term outcomes in premature infants with post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 26(11):1505–1515

Perria C (1988) Modified Holter Rickham reservoir: a device percutaneous photodynamic treatment of cystic malignant brain tumors. J Neurosurg Sci 32(3): 99–101

Subdural-Peritoneal Shunts

Santarius T, Qureshi HU, Sivakumaran R, Kirkpatrick PJ, Kirollos RW, Hutchinson PJ (2010) The role of external drains and peritoneal conduits in the treatment of recurrent chronic subdural hematoma. World Neurosurg 73(6):747–750

Sauter KL (2000) Percutaneous subdural tapping and subdural peritoneal drainage for the treatment of subdural hematoma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 11(3):519–524

Syringosubarachnoid and

Syringopleural Shunts

Cacciola F, Capozza M, Perrini P, Benedetto N, Di Lorenzo N (2009) Syringopleural shunt as a rescue procedure in patients with syringomyelia refractory to restoration of cerebrospinal fluid flow. Neurosurgery 65(3):471–476; discussion 476

Ergün R, Akdemir G, Gezici AR, Tezel K, Beskonakli E, Ergungor F, Taskin Y (2000) Surgical management of syringomyelia-Chiari complex. Eur Spine J 9(6): 553–557

Hida K, Iwasaki Y (2001) Syringosubarachnoid shunt for syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation. Neurosurg Focus 11(1):E7

Lumboperitoneal Shunt

Eggenberger ER, Miller NR, Vitale S (1996) Lumboperitoneal shunt for the treatment of pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology 46(6):1524–1530

Gallmann W, Gonzalez-Toledo E, Riel-Romero R (2010) Intraventricular fat from retrograde flow through a lumboperitoneal shunt. J Neuroimaging 21(3):287–289

Uretsky S (2009) Surgical interventions for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 20(6):451–455

Wang VY, Barbaro NM, Lawton MT, Pitts L, Kunwar S, Parsa AT, Gupta N, McDermott MW (2007) Complications of lumboperitoneal shunts. Neurosurgery 60(6):1045–1048; discussion 1049

Third Ventriculostomy

Farin A, Aryan HE, Ozgur BM, Parsa AT, Levy ML

(2006) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. J Clin

Neurosci 13(7):763–770

Foroutan M, Mafee MF, Dujovny M (1998) Third ventriculostomy, phase-contrast cine MRI and endoscopic techniques. Neurol Res 20(5):443–448

Fushimi Y, Miki Y, Takahashi JA, Kikuta K, Hashimoto N, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, Togashi K (2006) MR imaging of Liliequist’s membrane. Radiat Med 24(2): 85–90

Jallo GI, Kothbauer KF, Abbott IR (2005) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurg Focus 19(6):E11 Stivaros SM, Sinclair D, Bromiley PA, Kim J, Thorne J,

Jackson A (2009) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: predicting outcome with phase-contrast MR imaging. Radiology 252(3):825–832

Endoscopic Septum Pellucidum and

Cyst Fenestration

Koch CA, Moore JL, Krähling KH, Palm DG (1998) Fenestration of porencephalic cysts to the lateral ventricle: experience with a new technique for treatment of seizures. Surg Neurol 49(5):524–532; discussion 532–533

Lancon JA, Haines DE, Lewis AI, Parent AD (1999) Endoscopic treatment of symptomatic septum pellucidum cysts: with some preliminary observations on the ultrastructure of the cyst wall: two technical case reports. Neurosurgery 45(5):1251–1257

Weyerbrock A, Mainprize T, Rutka JT (2006) Endoscopic fenestration of a symptomatic cavum septum pellucidum: technical case report. Neurosurgery 59(4 Suppl 2):ONSE491; discussion ONSE491

Aqueductoplasty

Fritsch MJ, Schroeder HW (2012) Endoscopic aqueductoplasty and stenting. World Neurosurg 2013;79(2 Suppl):S20.e15–8.

Schulz M, Goelz L, Spors B, Haberl H, Thomale UW (2012) Endoscopic treatment of isolated fourth ventricle: clinical and radiological outcome. Neurosurgery (4):847–858; discussion 858–859

Sansone JM, Iskandar BJ (2005) Endoscopic cerebral aqueductoplasty: a trans-fourth ventricle approach. J Neurosurg103(5 Suppl):388–392.

Endoscopic Choroid Plexus

Cauterization

Morota N, Fujiyama Y (2004) Endoscopic coagulation of choroid plexus as treatment for hydrocephalus: indication and surgical technique. Childs Nerv Syst 20(11–12):816–820

Pople IK, Ettles D (1995) The role of endoscopic choroid plexus coagulation in the management of hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 36(4):698–701; discussion 701–702

Fourth Ventricular Stenting

Mohanty A, Satish S, Manwaring KH (2012) 167 Isolated fourth ventricle: to shunt or stent? Neurosurgery 71(2):E566

Sacco D, Scott RM (2003) Reoperation for Chiari malformations. Pediatr Neurosurg 39(4):171–178

Complications

Corpus Callosum Changes Secondary

to Shunt Catheterization

Lane JI, Luetmer PH, Atkinson JL (2001) Corpus callosal signal changes in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus after ventriculoperitoneal shunting. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(1):158–162

Numaguchi Y, Kristt DA, Joy C, Robinson WL (1993) Scalloping deformity of the corpus callosum following ventricular shunting. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14(2):355–362

Shunt-Associated Intracranial

Hemorrhage and Gliosis

Fukuhara T, Vorster SJ, Luciano MG (2000) Critical shuntinduced subdural hematoma treated with combined pres- sure-programmable valve implantation and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Pediatr Neurosurg 33(1):37–42

Misaki K, Uchiyama N, Hayashi Y, Hamada J (2010) Intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion - four case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 50(1):76–79

Savitz MH, Bobroff LM (1999) Low incidence of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. J Neurosurg 91(1):32–34

Sharma RR, Mahapatra A, Pawar SJ, Sousa J, Athale SD. Symptomatic calcified subdural hematomas. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999;31(3):150–154.

Petraglia AL, Moravan MJ, Jahromi BS. Armored brain: a case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int 2011;2:120.

Intraventricular Fat Migration

Goeser CD, McLeary MS, Young LW (1998) Diagnostic

imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunctions

and complications. Radiographics 18(3):635–651

MRI-Induced Programmable Valve

Setting Alteration

Lavinio A, Harding S, Van Der Boogaard F, Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Richards HK, Pickard JD, Czosnyka ZH (2008) Magnetic field interactions in adjustable hydrocephalus shunts. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2(3): 222–228

Lefranc M, Ko JY, Peltier J, Fichten A, Desenclos C, Macron JM, Toussaint P, Le Gars D, Petitjean M (2010) Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on four types of pressure-programmable valves. Acta Neurochir 152(4):689–697

Murtagh FR, Quencer RM, Poole CA (1979) Cerebrospinal fluid shunt function and hydrocephalus in the pediatric age group: a radiographic/clinical correlation. Radiology 132(2):385–388

Shunt-Associated Infections

Goeser CD, McLeary MS, Young LW (1998) Diagnostic imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunctions and complications. Radiographics 18(3):635–651

Puca A, Anile C, Maira G, Rossi G (1991) Cerebrospinal fluid shunting for hydrocephalus in the adult: factors related to shunt revision. Neurosurgery 29(6):822–826

Ventricular Loculations and Isolated

Ventricles

Hubbard JL, Houser OW, Laws ER Jr (1987) Trapped fourth ventricle in an adult: radiographic findings and surgical treatment. Surg Neurol 28(4):301–306

Maurice-Williams RS, Choksey M (1986) Entrapment of the temporal horn: a form of focal obstructive hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49(3): 238–242

Oi S, Abbott R (2004) Loculated ventricles and isolated compartments in hydrocephalus: their pathophysiology and the efficacy of neuroendoscopic surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am 15(1):77–87

Slit Ventricle Syndrome

Goeser CD, McLeary MS, Young LW (1998) Diagnostic imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunctions and complications. Radiographics 8(3):635–651

Rekate HL (2008) Shunt-related headaches: the slit ventricle syndromes. Childs Nerv Syst 24(4):423–430

Chronic Overshunting and Associated

Findings

Di Preta JA, Powers JM, Hicks DG (1994) Hyperostosis cranii ex vacuo: a rare complication of shunting for hydrocephalus. Hum Pathol 25(5):545–547

Hochman MS, Naidich TP (1999) Diffuse meningeal enhancement in patients with overdraining, longstanding ventricular shunts. Neurology 52(2): 406–409

Lucey BP, March GP Jr, Hutchins GM (2003) Marked calvarial thickening and dural changes following chronic ventricular shunting for shaken baby syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 127(1):94–97

Seyithanoglu H, Guzey FK, Emel E, Ozkan N, Aycan A (2010) Chronic ossified epidural hematoma after ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion: a case report. Turk Neurosurg 20(4):519–523

Vinchon M, Dhellemmes P, Laureau E, Soto-Ares G (2007) Progressive myelopathy due to meningeal thickening in shunted patients: description of a novel entity and the role of surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 23(8):839–845

Weinzweig J, Bartlett SP, Chen JC, Losee J, Sutton L, Duhaime AC, Whitaker LA. Cranial vault expansion in the management of postshunt craniosynostosis and slit ventricle syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;122(4):1171–1180.

Shunt Malposition and Migration

Alakandy LM, Iyer RV, Golash A (2008) Hemichorea, an unusual complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt. J Clin Neurosci 15(5):599–601

Ghritlaharey RK, Budhwani KS, Shrivastava DK, Gupta G, Kushwaha AS, Chanchlani R, Nanda M (2007) Trans-anal protrusion of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt catheter with silent bowel perforation: report of ten cases in children. Pediatr Surg Int 23(6):575–580

Sathyanarayana S, Wylen EL, Baskaya MK, Nanda A (2000) Spontaneous bowel perforation after ventricu-­ loperitoneal shunt surgery: case report and a review of 45 cases. Surg Neurol 54(5):388–396

Wan KR, Toy JA, Wolfe R, Danks A (2011) Factors affecting the accuracy of ventricular catheter placement. J Clin Neurosci 18(4):485–488

Shunt Catheter Disconnection and

Retained Fragments

Boch AL, Hermelin E, Sainte-Rose C, Sgouros S (1998) Mechanical dysfunction of ventriculoperitoneal shunts caused by calcification of the silicone rubber catheter. J Neurosurg 88(6):975–982

Goeser CD, McLeary MS, Young LW (1998) Diagnostic imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunctions and complications. Radiographics 18(3):635–651

Intraparenchymal Pericatheter Cysts

and Interstitial Cerebrospinal Fluid

Iqbal J, Hassounah M, Sheikh B (2000) Intraparenchymal pericatheter cyst. A rare complication of ventriculo-­ peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus. Br J Neurosurg 14(3):255–258

Sinha AK, Lall R, Benson R, O’Brien DF, Buxton N (2008) Intraparenchymal pericatheter cyst following ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion: does it always merit shunt revision? Zentralbl Neurochir 69(3): 152– 154; discussion 154

Pseudocysts

Chung JJ, Yu JS, Kim JH, Nam SJ, Kim MJ (2009) Intraabdominal complications secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunts: CT findings and review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193(5):1311–1317