книги / Английский язык для горных инженеров

32. а) Прочитайте следующие сочетания слои с причастием прошедшего времени в функции правого определения и переведите их.

1.New sources of fuel described included ...

2.Modem colliery visited used ...

3.Economic achievements written about are ....

4.Average coal output of the quarry designed will reach ...

6)Прочитайте следующие предложения. Найдите в каждом из них группу «подлежащ ее-сказуемое». Определите функции слов с суффиксом -edi

1.The prospecting party providéd with new equipment planned to begin its work in spring.

2.The prospecting party provided new data on useful minerals discovered in the region.

3.The prospecting party is provided with new equipment.

4.The rocks described represented the oldest portion of the Earth’s crust.

33.Заполните пропуски в предложениях, употребив данный в скобках глагол в соответствующем времени и залоге:

1.Scientists and engineers... computers in their work. Computers

... in different fields of science and engineering, (to apply)

2. Materials for sedimentary rocks ... fragments of pre-existing rocks. Conglomerate, sandstone and shale into the group of sedi­ mentary rocks, (to include)

3. Geophysicists ... the changes which take place deep in the Earth. Many of these changes develop at such a slow rate that they ...

only with the help of modem instruments and computers, (to observe)

4. Water greatly the decomposition of rocks. It is quite obvious that weathering ... by the action of water, (to facilitate)

34. Определите, какие функция в предложении выполняют совпадающие во форме внделенные слова. Переведите предложения:

1. The term “prospecting” includes the whole range of geologi­ cal work directed to discovering deposits of valuable minerals. The Moscow Mining Academy directed the activities of the Academy’s research institutions.

2.Limestones occupied vast areas of the Earth’s surface. It is quite obvious that the regions occupied by limestones have been covered by seas.

3.Modem deposits of Kamchatka volcanoes investigated by Russian geologists show that volcanism is active there. The Institute of Volcanology of the Siberian Department of the Academy of Sciences investigated friable (рыхлый) volcanic deposits of Kamchatka.

4.The clayey mass obtained by the decomposition of orthoclase is white and is called kaolin. Chemists obtained phosphorus from phosphorite.

35. Переведите предложения, обращая внимавяе на перевод причасти прошедшего времени.

Образец 1: The mining method used dépends ôn many factors. -> Используемый метод разработ­ ки зависит от многих факторов.

1.The problems discussed are connected with the investigations of the Earth’s crust depths.

2.Metamorphic rocks described represent the oldest part of the Earth’s crust.

3.The process of metamorphism mentioned above creates such minerals as tremolite, sillimanite and others which are uncommon in sedimentary and igneous rocks.

4.In all the mines visited automated computerised control sys­ tems were used.

5.A new system of planning employed gives an opportunity of supplying correct information quickly which is essential for man­ agement control of modem mines.

Образец 2: When burnt, coal produced heat. -> При сжигании уголь выделяет тепло.

1.If disturbed, rocks cleave easily into separate plates.

2.When needed the additional experiments are carried out.

3.When subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids, various rocks in the Earth’s crust are transformed into metamor­ phic rocks.

36. Найдите в тексте Б и выпишите причастия прошедшего времени а

функции правого определения.

37. Переведите предложения, используя сочетания слов:

to be formed; to belong to; to be like; to be of valoe; to give an opportunity

of; unlike; to be of importance; pre-existing rocks; schistose structure; to determine

1.Метаморфические породы образовались из извержен-ных

иосадочных пород.

2.Гнейс, сланец, мрамор и другие породы относятся к группе метаморфических пород.

3.Гнейс похож на гранит, но, в отличие от гранита, он имеет слоистую структуру.

4.Вообще говоря, описанные метаморфические породы имеют большое значение, так как их структура дает возмож­ ность установить следы существовавших ранее пород.

38.Задайте вопросы по образцу.

Образец: Metamorphic rocks are mostly found in the regions of mountain belts, {where?) -> Where are meta-

morphic rocks mostly found? f

1.Metamorphic rocks have been developed from earlier igne­ ous and sedimentary rocks, {what rocks?)

2.The constituents of gneisses are distributed in bands or layers.

(how?)

3.Mica and chlorite cause the rock to split into thin sheets, {what materials?)

4.The structure of metamorphic rocks is of importance, {why?)

39.Закоптите предложения подходящими по смыслу словами из текста Б:

1.As for the origin of metamorphic rocks they

2.When we say that a mineral has à schistose structure it means....

3.It should be noted that the role of water in the formation of metamorphic rocks is great. It is known that high-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water while medium-grade rocks....

4.Geologists should know every trace of the original structure of metamorphic rocks because ...

40. Суммируйте содержанке текста Б , используя слова в скобках:

1.The process of metamorphism, (to mean, to show, to undergo changes, to be transformed, to call)

2.The role of water in the formation of metamorphic rocks, (to be interdependent, to be related to, in such a way, generally speaking, to be characterized by)

3.The difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks, (flaky, to cause, to split into, to cleave)

4.The structure of metamorphic rocks, (to be of importance, trace, pre-existing rocks, to give an opportunity of)

41. Расскажите коротко (8-10 предложений), кто вы знаете о горных поро­ дах а земной коре, об их происхождении, залегании и минералах, которыми она богаты. Используйте данную ниже схему и следующие разговорные формулы:

as far as I know; as is known; as for; I’d like to say a few words ab on t...; It

Practical value of each type of rocks (metals they are rich in)

в

42. Прочитайте текст В без словаря и скажите, о чем ои.

Слова для понимания текста:

profit — прибыль; польза residual — осадочный

alloy — сплав cast iron — чугун

ТЕКСТ В

Minerals that make up rocks, are defined as inorganic sub­ stances which occur naturally and have a definite chemical composi­ tion and physical properties which vary within known limits.

The major properties are colour, crystal form, hardness, cleavage and others. Cleavage is one of the most diagnostically useful mineralogical properties which can be found throughout the mineral.

Minerals of use to man can be grouped into two broad catego­ ries: 1) metals, such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver, iron, tin, platinum, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc, and 2) non-me- tallic minerals, such as diamonds, salt, limestone, cement, sul­ phur, and asbestos. When minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit they are called ore deposits. Mineral deposits are seldom equally rich throughout.

Economic minerals are those which are of economic impor­ tance and include both metallic and non-metallic minerals.

Most minerals consist of several elements. Such elements are oxygen, silicon, titanium, aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium and hydrogen. They make up more than 99 per cent by weight of all the rock-forming minerals. Of these, alu­ minium, iron and magnesium are industrial metals. The other metals are present in small quantities, mostly in igneous rocks.

For example, iron is one of the most abundant metals' in the Earth’s crust. There are three important classes of iron deposits: deposits associated with igneous rocks; residual deposits and sedi­ mentary deposits. Iron deposits associated with igneous rocks are usually small but very rich bodies either of haematite or magnetite. Large concentrations have been successfully mined in Pennsylvania (the USA) and in the Russian Federation.

Residual deposits of iron minerals are formed wherever weather­ ing occurs. Iron deposits formed this way are very widespread. It should be stressed that the residual deposits were among the first to be exploited by man.

Sedimentary iron deposits make up most of the world’s current production.

As the essential component of every variety of steel, iron is ob­ viously the most important of all industrial metals. It has played a large part in the development of our modem civilization. Iron ores are mainly used for producing cast iron, steels and ferro-alloys. From a scientific point of view, iron’s most important property is that it becomes magnetized.

The magnetic iron ore is the main wealth of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA). It is necessary to say that only in the last century was the secret of the unusual magnetism of enormous iron ore masses discovered underground.

Iron fields are worked by surface mining which is more eco­ nomical. But the KMA is rich not only in iron ores. Its deposits contain bauxite, phosphorite, cement, sand and clays.

43. Разделите текст В на логические части. В каждой .части текста найдите предложение, передающее ее основную мысль. Озаглавьте каждую часть текста В .

44. Найдите в тексте В ответы иа следующие вопросы:

1.Why is cleavage the most important property of minerals?

2.How can ore deposits be defined?

3.What are iron ores used for?

4.What is the KMA rich in?

45. Найдите а тексте информацию по следующим вопросам:

1.The main groups of minerals.

2.The composition of minerals.

3.The important classes of iron ore deposits.

4.Industrial importance of iron ores.

5.The characteristic feature of the KMA.

46.Определите, какой ю трех заголовков наиболее соответствует содержанию текста В:

1.Mineral Deposits.

2.The Composition of Minerals.

3.Iron Ores of Importance to Man.

47.Расскажите, каках информации из текста В была дли вас новой. Отметьте, какие факты вам были уже известны.

48.Переведите текст со словарем:

New Discoveries about the "Blue Planet”

Specialists from many ground services have assessed the practi­ cal use of observations from outer space. The most effective use of the data obtained was made in the field of geology.

A look from outer space identified fundamentally new geological objects which had not been previously studied or mapped. The satellites helped establish the location of abyssal fractures stretching over hundreds and thousands of kilometres and cutting across the whole systems of folds, platforms and the ocean bed. They penetrate deep into the Earth and often act as supply canals of fusions and mineral-enriched solutions. About 20 such abyssal fractures have been identified on the territory of Russia. Successful development of space research makes it possible to survey the Earth’s resources from space by satellites. Besides, the surveys by satellites give us information on other parts of the solar system. This has given rise to a new science of “geology of planets” called astrogeology. All this has greatly expanded the viewpoint of the geologist. At the present time geology, astronomy, meteorology, oceanography and geophysics are coming closer together and scientists believe that such combination of sciences must be used together to study the whole Earth.

UNIT 6 Sources o f Energy

А. Грамматика.

Б. Грамматика.

Причастие настоящего времени (The Present Participle).

Текст Б. Coal and Its Classification.

В. Текст В.

Дискуссия. Энергия и жизнь.

A

ГРАММАТИКА

Герундий (The Gerund)

Герундий — это особая неличная форма глагола, сочетаю­ щая в себе свойства существительного И глагола. Герундий назы­ вает действие; образуется прибавлением -ing к основе глагола: to read — reading чтение; to choose — choosing выбор; to heat — heating нагревание и др.

Перечислим основные особенности герундия:1 1. За герундием может следовать относящееся к нему прямое

дополнение:

2.У герундия не может быть артиклей или определений, вы­ раженных прилагательными.

3.Герундий не имеет правого определения с предлогом of.

4.Герундий не имеет формы множественного числа.

5.Перед герундием может употребляться притяжательное местоимение или существительное в притяжательном падеже:

1Об отличии герундия от совпадающего с ним по форме причастия настоящего времени см. раздел Б.

3. Внедрениеммощных роторных экскаваторов мож­ но увеличить суточную производительность карь­ ера.

Существуют простые и сложные формы герундия:

В сложном герундиальном обороте герундий выражает дейст­ вие, которое совершает лицо (или предмет), выраженное притя­ жательным местоимением или существительным в притяжатель­ ном падеже, стоящим перед герундием. Такой оборот перево­

дится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предло­

жением с союзами что; то, что; о том, чтобы; в том, что. При

переводе герундий становится сказуемым, а притяжательное местоимение (или существительное в притяжательном падеже) подлежащим придаточного предложения:

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

1.а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова: