книги / Английский язык для горных инженеров

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

26.Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из vexera Б.

1.A definite sequence and organization of development work is called mining.

2.Mining methods in existence can be reduced to the two main types.

3.The depth and the shape of the deposit influence the choice of the method of working.

4.As is known, in Belgium all the faces are short now, in Great Britain they amount to 84 per cent.

5.In Australian collieries shortwall faces are widely used.

6.The room-and-pillar method is characterized by the absence of any development openings.

7.N. Chinakal worked out the shield method of mining which is used in Kuzbas.

8.High-capacity monitors win coal and transport it hydrauli­ cally right to the surface.

27.Ответьте ив следующие вопросы:

1.What factors does mining depend on?

2.What is mining?

3.What are the most important factors which affect the choice of the method of working?

4.Do short faces or long faces predominate in Russia? What can you say about the Ruhr coal-field?

5.Is Canada developing shortwall faces or longwall faces? What can you say about the USA?

6.What are the main disadvantages of shortwall faces?

7.What are the two main methods of working?

8.What is the main advantage of long continuous faces?

9.What methods of mining long faces do you know?

10.What method of mining is characterized by the absence o development openings?

28.в) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:1

б) Найдите в правой колонке aiанглийские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

14.вскрывать месторождение

29.Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя следующие слова:

advantage disadvantage advantageous

1.As is known, the ... of long continuous faces is that they per­ mit an almost 100 per cent of recovery of mineral.

2.Hydraulic mining is practised extensively at a number of col­ lieries. It is one of the ... methods of mining.

3.As for the room-and-pillar method one must say that this method of mining is seldom practised in Russia because it has some

...s.

4.One of these ...s is that the pillars between the rooms are partly extracted.

30.Переведите на англнйсгай язык сочетания с предлогами per (в, на) и Instead (of) (взамен, вместо):

всутки; в месяц; на тонну; вместо угля; вместо камерно­ столбовой системы разработки

31. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения н функции глаголов to be н to have:

1.The various methods of mining involve production faces which are either long (longwall) or short (shortwall) or room- and-pillar.

2.Until mining machines were developed, short faces predomi­

nated.

3.The aim was to reduce the volume of development work by using the longwall method.

4.Some disadvantages of shortwall work are a considerable loss of mineral which may reach and exceed 40 per cent, and the dif­ ficulty of ventilation.

5.In gassy mines each face with its development workings has to be ventilated with its own air current.

6.Cutter-loaders are being widely applied underground now because these machines are the most progressive means for mecha­ nizing coal winning.

7.It is necessary to study all the factors which influence the choice of the mining method.

8.There are special methods of extracting seams which are close together (сближенные).

9.The shield method of mining has to be introduced in thick seams, dipping at an angle of not less than 53-60”, with regular occurrence and hard coal.

10.They have to introduce new mining equipment as soon as

possible.

32.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание ня разные способы вы­ ражения отрицания:

1.As the longwall method permits an almost 100 per cent re­ covery of coal, all the seam is extracted and there is no coal left in the form of pillars, except the shaft pillar.

2.No fissures were found.

3.We do not use the room-and-pillar method on a wide scale because it is characterized by high losses of coal.

4.Nothing was said about special ways of extracting thick

seams.

5.In manless faces no men operate the machines, you can see nobody in such faces as all the processes are fully automated.

6.A level is a horizontal road with no direct access to the sur­

face.

33. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста Б, используя следующие разговорные формулы:

on the contrary; to my mind; in my opinion; as far as I know; as is known; I’d like to stress that; I’d like to say that; let us consider

1.We say that the method of mining is rational if it guarantees only safety of the men and maximum output of mineral.

2.It is rather difficult to define which method of mining (longwall or shortwall) is more often used in Russia.

3.The shield method of mining is used where short faces are worked. It is used in all the coal-fields of Russia.

4.The problem of extracting thick seams is not difficult. As a rule, such seams are not extracted to full thickness.

5.In applying hydraulic mining powerful cutter-loaders win coal and transport it to the surface.

34.Суммируйте содержание текста Б. При этом ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What does the method of mining mineral deposits under­ ground involve?

2.What main requirements should mining methods satisfy?

3.What types of production faces do the methods of mining in­

clude?

4.What can you say about their application in different coalproducing countries?

5.What methods of mining are practised in the Kuznetsk coal­

field?

35.Расскалтте вашим друзьям о посещении шахты по следующему плану, используя слова в скобках:

1.The Location of the Mine, Its Geological Conditions (folds, faults, disturbances, depth, seams, thick, sloping, steep, inclined). Try to explain why underground mining is used there.

2.The Type of the Deposit (tabular, bedded, vein).

3.The Method of Mining (longwall, room-and-pillar).

4.Mine Workings, Their Functions (vertical, horizontal, in­

clined).

5.Average Output (annual, daily).

В

36.Прочитайте заголовок и аннотацию к тексту В н скажите, о чем гово­ рится в тексте В.

37.Прочитайте текст и скажите, как ведется борьба с метаном на шах­ тах Карагандинского угольного бассейна.

Слова для понимания текста:

goaf — завал; обрушенное пространство

double-ended drum hearer — комбайн с двойным барабаном

ТЕКСТ В

Mining Thick Seams

Longwall retreating is one of the primary methods of mining in many coal mining areas. There is a high degree of mechanization, and mine safety is receiving an increasing amount of emphasis.

Thick seam coal mining is important in Russia. Many high-qual­ ity coal seams exceed 35 metres (12 feet) in thickness — the normally accepted classification for a thick seam (although this var­ ies in different countries). Some of these thick seams are of key im­ portance in major mining basins. Seam thickness is the most signifi­ cant factor which is taken into account in mining practice. The increasing strata movement with increasing seam thickness requires not only specialized extraction techniques, but also highly specialized ground control and support methods. This is certainly true of the coal basins where coal seams are gassy and the majority of coal is liable to spontaneous combustion. Coal seams occur at a depth of between 350 and 710 metres (1,150 and 2,330 feet).

Longwall retreating is the primary method of mining at the col­ lieries with more than 98 per cent of the total output. Application of a mining method with the coal face being advanced down the dip is steadily expanding; shortwall pillar extraction with power loaders is being successfully employed.

Coal faces and development headings are equipped with instru­ ments for automatic gas protection and centralized telemonitoring of methane content. Data on gas conditions in development headings which are particularly dangerous from the viewpoint of methane content, and in all coal faces are transmitted to the mine dispatcher’s control panel. In order to reduce gas content in mine workings, extensive use is made of preliminary gas drainage of the coal seams, gas drainage of roofs to be caved and also of the goaf.

The main trend in mine transport is towards high-capacity au­ tomatic conveyer systems. In underground workings transport of men and materials is by high-capacity electric locomotives; in in­ cline roadways, by ropeways, floor-mounted haulage and up-to- date hoisting installations.

The mining district is usually developed by mine shafts. The mining method is longwall retreating along the strike and down the dip.The mining areais divided into two blocks east and west.In the eastern block, the panels are mined down the dip, in the western block, mining takes place along the strike. The faces are 200 metres long and operate along the strike of the seam. Sandstone forms the immediate roof and floor of the seam. Each face is mining a 3.5-metre thick section of coal, and a 0.5 to 0.8 metre thick pillar (band) of coal is left between two panels to form the roof of the lower face.

Each face is equipped with a double-ended drum shearer. The drums are 1.8 metres in diameter and a 0.6-metre web of coal. The leading drum cuts the top section of the face, and the trailing drum cuts the bottom section. Water jets are fitted to the drums for dust suppression. Coal passes along the face on the armoured face conveyer to the crusher installed at the main gate end of the conveyer, which reduces the size of the coal before it is delivered to a beam stage loader in the main gate.

The faces are operated on two production shifts and one main­ tenance shift per day.

Each face is supported by shield supports.

It should be stressed that special attention is paid to under­ ground methane drainage. The methane is pumped through pipes first to the tail gate and then through the mine gate to the upcast shafts and then to the surface, where it is used for heating. Two sensors for continuously monitoring the emission of CH4 are situ­ ated in the top panel, one in the main gate, and the other in the tail gate. These are placed 20 metres in front of the face. The con­ trol room at the mine’s surface automatically monitors and records CH4 emissions throughout the mine.

In coal face and development operations, use is made of cur­ rent forecasting of the liability to sudden outbursts, that is estab­ lishing dangerous and non-dangerous zones.

All coal faces are equipped with mechanized complexes, com­ prising power loaders. In underground haulage roadways, use is made of high-capacity belt and apron conveyers. Coal is hoisted to the surface through two skip shafts. Monorails are widely used on levels for transport of materials and equipment to coal faces and

development headings. Some of production processes are auto­ matic.

38.а) Разделите текст В на логические части. Озаглавьте каждую часть

текста.

б) Выделите ключевые слова в каждом абзаце текста В. Сфор­ мулируйте основную мысль абзаца но ключевым словам.

39. Обсудите следующие проблемы:

1.Thick seam mining and problems connected with their re­ covery.

2.Mechanization used in mining thick seams.

3.Underground methane drainage problems.

DISCUSSION

Вы прослушали лекции по геологии, горному делу, изучили соответст­ вующие уроки данного учебника (Уроки 4-8). Теперь вам представляется возможность принять участие в обсуждении проблем, связанных с горным производством в целом. Для этого необходимо 1) ознакомиться с общей схемой горного производства; 2) изучить содержание статьи “An Overview of the Mining Industry*’ Желательно, чтобы студенты группы разделились на геологов и горных инженеров-разработчиков. Задача таких групп — осветить сферу своей деятельности в будущем на основании изученного материала.

An Overview of the Mining Industry

(General Characteristics)

According to the broadest definition, mining includes discover­ ing, extracting and processing of all nonrenewable resources up to the point at which they are used for fabricating or for producing