книги / Английский язык для горных инженеров

2.Prospecting is an applied geological science which studies different methods of discovering deposits of useful minerals.

3.Scientific research institutions solve important problems.

4.One of Karpinsky’s significant works is about the formation of the Donets Coal Basin.

23.Определите по суффиксам, какой частно речи являются следующие слова,

ипереведите их:

create — creator — creation; elect — election; investigate — investi­ gator — investigation; recent — recently; significant — significance; con­ sider — considerable — consideration; encourage — encouragement; found

—founder — foundation; manager — management; exist — existence

24.Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

25. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

President of the Academy of Sciences; academician; the history of geology; detailed geological map; the new stratigraphy of Russia; the regularity of the Earth’s crust movement; petroleum deposits; the intro­ duction of the microscope; the best lecturer

26. Прочитайте текст Б. Назовите области геологии, в которых А.П. Кар­ пинский был первооткрывателем.

ТЕКСТЕ

А.Р. Karpinsky (1847-1936)

V.A. Obruchev, I.M. Gubkin, A.Y. Fersman, V.I. Vernadsky and A.P. Karpinsky were the prominent Russian scientists who laid the founda­ tion1of the Russian school of geology and mining.

An entire epoch in the history of RussiangSology is connected with Karpinsky’s name. One ofthe greatest Russiangeologists, he was a member and for some time President of the Academy of Sciences of the former USSR and a member of several Academies abroad. The Geological Society

of London elected him a foreign member in 1901. His greatest contribution to geology was a new detailed geological map of the European part of Russia and the Urals.

For many years he headed the Russian Geological Committee the staff of which was made up of12 his pupils. He was one of those geologists who embraced the whole of geological science. He created the new stratigraphy of Russia. He studied the geological systems in various regions of the country and was the first to establish3 the regularity of the Earth’s crust movement. His paleontological studies are of no less importance, especially those on palaeozoic ammonoids. He also took an interest in4 deposits of useful minerals and gave a classification of volcanic rocks. He advanced the view that petroleum deposits existed in Russian, which was confirmed later. He studied some ore and platinum deposits and may be justly considered* the founder of practical geology of the Urals. He was the first Russian scientist who introduced microscope in the study of petrographic slides.

Karpinsky was a prominent scientist, an excellent man and citizen. He was one of the best lecturers at the Mining Institute in his time. He was also one of the greatest Russian scientists who later became the first elected President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Students were attracted to him not only because he was a great scientist but also because of his charming personality and gentle manner.

Every geologist and every geology student knows very well Karpinsky’s most significant work An Outline ofthe Physicaland Geographical Conditions in European Russia in Past Geological Periods.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1 to lay the foundation — заложить фундамент (основы)

2 to be made up of — состоять из

3 was the first to establish — первым установил

4 to take an interest in — интересоваться, увлекаться чем-либо

* may be considered — Может считаться (сочетание модального глагола с пассивной формой инфинитива)

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

27. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Под­ твердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1.Karpinsky was the first President of the Academy of Sciences.

2.He worked at the Mining Institute in St.Petersbuig.

3.Karpinsky was a member of many Academies abroad.

4.Karpinsky made up a detailed map of the Asian part of our country.

5.He headed the Russian Geological Committee.

6.Karpinsky created a new branch ofgeology, namely stratigraphy.

7.He only tried to establish the regularity of the Earth’s crust movement.

8.Karpinsky may be justly considered the founder of the practical geology of the Urals.

28.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What society elected Karpinsky a foreign member and when?

2.Did he head the Russian Geological Committee or was he a member of that Committee?

3.Did Karpinsky investigate various regions of the Russian territory?

4.Which of his works are the most remarkable?

5.What can you say about Karpinsky’s investigations in petrology?

29.а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний

слов.

б) Найдите в левой колонке английские эквиваленты русских сочетаний

слов.

30. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие по значению слова.

surface of the Moon signalled the beginning of the study of the Moon’s rocks and minerals, the new science of lunar geology.

About ISO scientists from laboratories throughout the world con­ ducted a wide range ofgeological, chemical, physical and biological tests on the rocks returned to Earth. These scientific studies have led to new discoveries about the Moon. Most dramatic ofall was that the Moon was bom at the same time as the Earth, about 4600 million years ago.

It should be noted that the early astronomers, starting with Galileo who in 1610 first used a telescope, observed lunar surface.

The first astronauts to land on the Moon, Armstrong and Aldrin collected 22 kg (481 lb) of rocks. Since then, another S Apollo lunar missions have taken place. Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on December 11, 1972. The total rock collected amounts to 382 kg (845 lb) plus 0.13 kg (4.6 oz) from the two unmanned Russian Luna missions. At the Lunar Receiving Laboratories in Houston, the USA, are catalogued 35,600 small pieces of the Moon.

Our satellite is about '/4 ofthe Earth’s size and '/, of its mass. Hence its gravity is only '/6 of Earth’s.

The temperature changes between lunar day and night. Temperature ranges from 110* C (230* F) at the height of the lunar day to -170* C (-275* F) in the lunar night.

35. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Найдите в каждом из них группу «подлежащее—сказуемое». Составьте к каждому предложению по два вопроса.

1.Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences have been active in developing geostatistics and computer techniques for mining and geology.

2.Much attention is paid to economic geology and mineral econom­

3.Research is carried out in all the main branches of geology and mining.

4.New methods of prospecting and extracting useful minerals have been worked out.

36. Найдите в тексте А предложения, в которых сказуемые выражены глаголами в форме страдательного залога. Выпишите их и определите времеиийе формы.

37. Выполните задание по следующему образцу.

Образец: Say what you are interested in. (geology)

Iam interested in geology.

a)Say what you (your friend) are (is) interested in. (conducting scientific research, prospecting for mineral deposits, the creation of new

Among the most prominent geologists are A.P. Karpinsky, V A Ob­ ruchev, A.Y. Fersman, Г.М. Gubkin and many others. Academician A. Y. Fersman ranks among those leading mineralogists who converted mineralogy from a purely descriptive science into ascience based on the most fundamental chemical investigations. As the organizer of the Geochemical Institute in Moscow, Academician A.Y. Fersman worked out the basic lines ofthe study ofchemical elements and laid the foundation for the scientific surveying and prospecting for useful minerals. A number of scientific expeditions to different parts of the country were organized by him. He was the leader of the important investigations in the KaraKum Desert resulting in the discovery of2 big sulphur deposits, the construction of a large preparation plant for the processing of sulphur and sulphur products. Academician A.Y. Fersman led the expedition to Central Asia, the Urals, the Altai, the Caucasus and the Crimea. He is especially known for his detailed investigations of the Kola Peninsula which led to the discoveryofenormous apatite deposits and the development of a mining-industrial region in the Khibiny Mountains where new towns came into being.

Among those who contributed to the development of mining are B. I. Воку, M.M. Protodyakonov, A.A. Skochinsky, N.V. Melnikov and others. Professor B.I. Boky’s name is associated with the solution of a number of significant technical problems in the mining industry of the country and with the whole trend in the development of the science of mining — the analytical method of designing new collieries.

Credit for working out the theoretical principles of the exploration of deposits is due to Prof. M.M. Protodyakonov. His most remarkable works are those concerning the problems of underground pressure and mine timbering.3 Prof. M.M. Protodyakonov founded a school for the study of rock pressure and its influence on mine timbering.

The leading organization in working out theoretical problems con­ nected with mining in Russia is the Mining Institute of the Academy of Sciences named after Alexander Skochinsky (the director of which he was for many years). A A Skochinsky’s deep interest in theoretical problems was always combined with wide engineering experience. He took a special interest in mining aerology. He discovered the laws of the movement and control of the movement of air and gases underground. His works are devoted to localization, liquidation and prevention of underground fires.

Academician N.V. Melnikov is well known for his research in the field of open-cast mining not only of coal but also of ferrous and nonferrous metals and other minerals. He was engaged in the study of fuel energy resources and their utilization.