Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Скачиваний:
2
Добавлен:
15.05.2023
Размер:
5.61 Mб
Скачать

56 >1799J 9: ?7FV=8A6@ 906A=K6. L:K5: <J4=03AO 560:>3, 7906D3<6=@J= ;3M3D=?83@3 03H6@3; 560:>3, 7906D3<6=@J= :1>653M6H3/@3; 560:>3, 7906D3<6=@J= <?=@3 >17996@3 560:>:906A=0OP38:<.

§ 1. .&="D) EG=&N)0&%F>% @)J)N%?')F) =)(&F)

- RA:E >1799= 560:>:< :A5:?/A?/: 560:> 56 4:Q:4J ;3M3D=?83Q 03H, 560:>3 56 3@7P=?A<: ;3M3D=?83Q 03H, 560:> 56 3@7P=?A<:, 9=1=Q:4/P== < 9:1/48= 56?0=4:<653/ 303 461=53/, 6 A68K= 1/4 417>3Q, @=5== M56D3A=0O5JQ 560:>:<.

(-5$I ,- A$K$A& G6C601?=6K 56B

' 56?A:/P== <1=@/ 560:> <M3@6=A?/ 56 :?5:<6533 >0. 23 #60:>:<:>: 8:4=8?6 *!1. GA:A 560:> A1643H3:55: /<0/=A?/ H=5A160O5J@ ?1=43 560:>:< ? 56?=0=53/. #60:> 56 4:Q:4J — >:?7461?A<=5- 5JE 560:>, <M3@6=@JE 56 <?=E A=113A:133 ?A165J 9: =435J@ ?A6<86@. ,=E?A<72P== M68:5:46A=0O?A<: 5= 91=47?@6A13<6=A 7?A65:<0=53/ < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 @=?A5JQ 560:>:< 56 4:Q:4J ;3M3D=?83Q 03H.

.:0ON6/ ?7@@6 9:?A790=53E :A 560:>6 56 4:Q:4J M6D3?0/=A?/ < F24K=AJ ?7FV=8A:< !=4=16H33. ' ;=4=160O5JE F24K=A 9:?A796=A @=5ON6/ 4:0/. !=4=160O5J@ M68:5:@ :A 30 4=86F1/ 2001 >. «& ;=- 4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 2002 >.»2 7?A65:<0=5:, DA: < 8:5?:03431:<655J= F24K=AJ ?7FV=8A:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 M6D3?0/=A?/ 100% ?:F1655JQ ?7@@ 560:>6 56 4:Q:4J ;3M3D=?83Q 03H. #60:> 56 4:Q:4J 9:?A1:=5 56 1=M34=5A?8:@ 9135H39=, 40/ :91=4=0=53/ 560:>:<:>: ?A6A7?6 ;3M3D=?8:>: 03H6 3?9:0OM7=A?/ A=?A ;3M3D=?8:>: 913?7A?A<3/. ):0572 560:>:<72 :F/M655:?AO 5=?7A 03H6, 91:K3<62P3= 56 A=113A:133 *:??33 5= @=5== 183 45=E < 860=54615:@ >:47. X3H6, 91:K3<62P3= 56 A=113A:133 *:??33 @=5== RA:>: ?1:86, 5=?7A :>1653D=5572 560:>:<72 :F/M655:?AO, A.=. 7906D3<62A 560:> A:0O8: ? 4:Q:4:<, 9:07D=55JQ :A 3?A:D538:< < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33. - A683@ 4:Q:46@ :A5:?/A?/, 56913@=1, 4:Q:4J

1

%S *! 2000 T 32. %A. 3340

2

)130:K=53= T2 8 !=4=160O5:@7 S68:57 :A 30 4=86F1/ 2001 > T 194-!S «& ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 2002 > » //

*:??3E?86/ >6M=A6 2002. T 2

:A 3?9:0OM:<653/ 3@7P=?A<6, 56Q:4/P=>:?/ < *:??33; 4:Q:4J :A 3?9:0OM:<653/ < *:??33 6<A:1?83Q 916<, 43<34=54J 3 91:H=5AJ :A 1:??3E?83Q :1>653M6H3E, <:M56>16K4=53= M6 <J9:05=53= < *:??33 A174:<JQ :F/M655:?A=E.

':M16?A 03H6 5= <03/=A 56 =>: ?A6A7? 560:>:906A=0OP386. &A 03H6 4=A=E (5=4==?9:?:F5JQ) 560:> 7906D3<62A 3Q 1:43A=03 (:9=875J, 9:9=D3A=03).

#60:>::F0:K=532 < *:??33 9:40=K6A 4:Q:4J, 9:07D=55J=: 1=M34=5A6@3 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 >4= FJ A: 53 FJ0:; :A 3?A:D538:< < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 5=M6<3?3@: :A 56H3:-'* 560O5:>: 303 21343D=?8:>: ?A6A7?6 3Q 9:07D6A=0=E.

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

#60:> 56 4:Q:4J ;3M3D=?83Q 03H (9:4:Q:45JE 560:>) < 9=1<:= <1=@/ 9:?0= =>: <<=4=53/ < *:??33 FJ0 9:?A1:=5 9: >0:F60O5:E (?35A=A3D=?8:E) ?3?A=@=: 4:Q:4J, 9:07D=55J= 3M 16M5JQ 3?A:D538:< (A68 56MJ<6=@JE ?:<:8795JE 4:Q:4), :F06>603?O 560:>:@ 9: =435J@ ?A6<86@. ,=0=53= 4:Q:4:< 56 <34J FJ0: 91:<=4=5: 03NO < ?</M3 ? 16M03D5J@3 91:H=4716@3 560:>::F0:K=53/ 16M5JQ 4:Q:4:<.

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

':A5:N=533 4:Q:46, 9:07D=55:>: < ;:1@= @6A=1360O5:E <J>:-,J, 4=E?A<7=A 417>:E 9135H39: 7D3AJ<62A?/ A:0O8: A= <34J R8:5:@33, 8:A:1J= 91/@: 786M65J < M68:5=.

#60:>:<6/ F6M6 7D3AJ<6=A?/ < :?5:<5:@ 9: 86??:<:@7 @=A:47 ,:Q:4:@ ?D3A62A?/ ?7@@J, 4=E?A<3A=0O5: 9:07D=55J= 906A=0OP38:@ < 8:581=A5:@ 9=13:4= < A:E 303 35:E 21343D=?8:E ;:1-

280 2&J#%= IV. 2%DE=)$"0&1)% D"?E#&$?B0%11>H #"H"#"0______

@=, — 5603D5J@3 4=5=K5J@3 ?1=4?A<6@3 3M 86??J :1>653M6H33, 9:?A790=53=@ ?1=4?A< 56 ?D=A < F658= (9=1=D3?0=53=@ 9: =>: 9:17D=532 56 ?D=A6 A1=AO3Q 03H) 3 41., 6 16?Q:4:@ — 1=60O5: <J906D=55J= ?7@@J (4:87@=5A60O5: 9:4A<=1K4=55J=). #68:93A=0O5JE @=A:4 3?9:0OM7=A?/ 913 9:07D=533 4:Q:46 < <34= :906AJ A1746: 46A:E ;68A3D=?8:>: 9:07D=53/ 560:>:906A=0OP38:@ A68:>: 4:Q:46 913M56=A?/ 9:?0=453E 4=5O @=?/H6, M6 8:A:1JE =@7 FJ0 56D3?0=5 4:Q:4 M6 <J9:05=55J= A174:<J= :F/M655:?A3 < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? A174:<J@ 4:>:<:1:@ (8:5A168A:@).

C06<6 23 #60:>:<:>: 8:4=8?6 91=47?@6A13<6=A 4:<:0O5: N31:83E 817> 0O>:A, :A5:?/P3Q?/ 868 8 ?83486@, A68 3 8 3MV/A3/@.

)13 :91=4=0=533 ?:<:8795:>: 4:Q:46 4:Q:4J 560:>:906A=0OP386, 868 916<30:, 7@=5ON62A?/ 56 ?7@@7 A68 56MJ<6=@:>: 5=:F06>6=@:>: @353@7@6. #60:>::F0:K=532 9:40=K6A 03NO 4:Q:4J 560:>:906A=0OP386, 91=<JN62P3= RA:A @353@7@. *6M@=1 5=:F06>6=@:>: @353@7@6 4:0K=5 ?:<9646AO ? 16M@=1:@ 91:K3A:D5:>: @353@7@6. ' 56?A:/P== <1=@/ < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 < :A5:N=533 560:>:906A=0OP38:< ? 5=<J?:83@ 71:<5=@ 4:Q:46 913@=5/=A?/ A68 56MJ<6=@JE «?A65461A5JE» 560:>:<JE <JD=A < A<=14: 7?A65:<0=55:E M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ ?7@@=, 5= 4:?A3>62P=E 91:K3A:D5:>: @353@7@6. ,0/ 560:>:906A=0OP38:< ? <J?:83@ 71:<5=@ 4:Q:46 913@=5=53= ?A65461A5:>: <JD=A6 :>1653D=5:.

'6K5:= ?:H360O5:= M56D=53= 3@==A ?A65461A5JE <JD=A 3M ?:<:8795:>: 4:Q:46 56 ?:4=1K653= 1=F=586. ):40=K6P3E 560:>::F0:K=532 4:Q:4 86K4:>: 3M 1:43A=0=E (:9=8756, 9:9=D3A=0/) 7@=5ON6=A?/ 56 ?7@@7 < 16M@=1=, 7?A656<03<6=@:@ 560:>:<J@ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@. ' 56?A:/P== <1=@/ >:?7461?A<: 5= 91=4:?A6<0/=A A6872 0O>:A7 03H6@ ? <J?:83@ 71:<5=@ 4:Q:4:< 3, 56:F:1:A, 7<=03D3<6=A == 16M@=1 < 4<6 16M6 <4:<6@ (<4:<H6@), :435:83@ 1:43A=0/@, :9=8756@ 303 9:9=D3A=0/@.

C06<:E 23 #60:>:<:>: 8:4=8?6 <<=4=5 5:<JE <34 <JD=A:<, 91=4:?A6<0/=@JE 906A=0OP386@ 560:>6 56 4:Q:4J, — A68 56MJ<6=@J= ?:H360O5J= <JD=AJ. #60:>::F06>6=@6/ F6M6 @:K=A FJAO 7@=5ON=56 56 ?7@@J, 7906D=55J= 560:>:906A=0OP38:@ 868 M6 ?<:= :F7D=53=, A68 3 M6 :F7D=53= ?<:=>: 1=F=586 < :F16M:<6A=0O5JQ 7D1=K4=53/Q, 3@=2P3Q ?::A<=A?A<72P72 >:?7461?A<=5572 03H=5M32.

)1=4:?A6<0=53= ?:H360O5:>: <JD=A6 56 :F7D=53= :>1653D=5: < M68:5:46A=0O?A<= :91=4=0=55J@ 16M@=1:@.

- ?:H360O5J@ <JD=A6@ :A5:?3A?/ A68K= <JD=A 3M 9:07D=55:>: 4:Q:46 16?Q:4:<, 9:5=?=55JQ 560:>:906A=0OP38:@ < ?</M3 ? :906A:E 0=861?A< 3 7?07> 9: 0=D=532, 91=4:?A6<0=55JQ =@7 3 D0=56@ =>: ?=@O3 @=43H35?83@3 7D1=K4=53/@3 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 *6M@=1 A68:>: <JD=A6 A68K= 03@3A31:<65 M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@.

' 56?A:/P== <1=@/ < :A4=0O572 >17997 <J4=0=5J 3 ?A1:>: 1=>06@=5A31:<65J < D6?A8 16M@=16 3 9:1/486 91=4:?A6<0=53/ 3@7P=?A<=55J= <JD=AJ: ?7@@J, 9:07D=55J= :A 91:46K3 3@7P=?A<6, < A:@ D3?0= 5=4<3K3@:?A3, 16?Q:4J 56 ?A1:3A=0O?A<: 3 913:F1=A=53= K30O/, M6A16AJ 56 9:87987 H=55JQ F7@6>.

<=&0& 14. 8?1"01>% 1&="D), 0J)F&%F>% 0 26

281

#60:>:<JE 8:4=8? 91=4:?A6<0/=A 916<: 560:>:906A=0OP386@, 9:07D62P3@ 4:Q:4J :A <J9:05=53/ 16F:A 3 :86M653/ 7?07> 9: >16K465?8:-916<:<J@ 4:>:<:16@, 3543<34760O5J@ 91=491353@6A=0/@ 3 03H6@, 9:07D62P3@ 6<A:1?83= <:M56>16K4=53/ M6 ?:M4653= 03A=16A715JQ 91:3M<=4=53E 3 91:3M<=4=53E 3?87??A<6, 913@=53AO 91:;=??3:560O5J= <JD=AJ < 4:87@=5A60O5: 9:4A<=1K4=55:@ 16M@=1= 03F: < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? 7?A65:<0=55J@3 -:4=8?:@ 5:1@6A3<6@3 16?Q:4:<.

"?802D=53= 3M ?:<:8795:>: 4:Q:46 ;3M3D=?83Q 03H :A4=0O5JQ^ <34:< 4:Q:4:<, :?<:F:K4=53= :A :F0:K=53/ 9:4:Q:45J@ 560:>:@ :A4=0O5JQ 86A=>:13E ;3M3D=?83Q 03H, 6 A68K= 91=4:?A6<0=53= 417>3Q 0O>:A 91:<:4/A?/ A:0O8: < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? #60:>:<J@ 8:4=8?:@.

'91=4=06Q 16M@=1:< ?:H360O5JQ 3 3@7P=?A<=55JQ 560:>:<JQ <JD=A:<, 7?A65:<0=55JQ #60:>:<J@ 8:4=8?:@, M68:5:46A=0O5J= :1>65J ?7FV=8A:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 @:>7A 7?A656<03<6AO 35J= 16M@=1J <JD=A:< ? 7D=A:@ 1=>3:560O5JQ :?:F=55:?A=E.

'91=4N=?A<72P3= 9=13:4J 4=E?A<:<606 91:>1=??3<56/ N8606 560:>::F0:K=53/: 9=13:43D=?83, :FJD5: :435 16M M6 ;3565?:<JE >:4, 91:<:4306?O 560:>:<6/ 354=8?6H3/, 5=:FQ:43@:?AO 8:A:1:E FJ06 <JM<656 35;0/H3:55J@3 91:H=??6@3.

%A6<83 560:>6 56 4:Q:4J < 56?A:/P== <1=@/ 7?A65:<0=5J 9: 91:9:1H3:560O5:@7 @=A:47. ,:Q:4J :?5:<5JQ <34:< (:A 16F:AJ 9: 56E@7, :A 91=491353@6A=0O?8:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3 3 41.) :F06>62A?/ 9: ?A6<8= 13% 5=M6<3?3@: :A :FP=E ?7@@J ?:<:8795:>: 4:Q:46. */4 4:Q:4:< :F06>6=A?/ 9: ?A6<8=

35%. GA: 4:Q:4J :A <J3>1JN=E < 0:A=1=3 3 :A A:A603M6A:1:<, ?<=1Q<J?:83= 4:Q:4J 9: F658:<?83@ <80646@, 4:Q:4J < <34= R8:5:@33 56 91:H=5A6Q 9: M6E@6@ 3 5=8:A:1J= 417>3=. ,3<34=54J 3 02FJ= 4:Q:4J 5=1=M34=5A:< :F06>62A?/ 9: ?A6<8= 30%.

#60:> 56 4:Q:4J, 868 916<30:, 3?D3?0/2A 3 74=1K3<62A 3M 4:Q:46 906A=0OP386 560:>:<J= 6>=5AJ

— 03H6, 91:3M<:4/P3= <J906A7 4:Q:46 ?7FV=8A7 560:>::F0:K=53/ (7906A6 560:>6 7 3?A:D5386 <J906AJ 4:Q:46). "?D3?0/=A?/ 3 <M3@6=A?/ 560:> 9: 87@70/A3<5:@7 @=A:47. &A4=0O5J= >1799J 560:>:906A=0OP38:< — 3543<34760O5J= 91=491353@6A=03, D6?A5J= 5:A6137?J 3 41. — :F/M65J 91=4?A6<3AO 4=80616H32 : ?:<:8795:@ 4:Q:4= M6 :AD=A5JE >:4. %1:8 91=4?A6<0=53/ 4=80616H33 — 30 691=0/ >:46, ?0=472P=>: M6 :AD=A5J@. *6M53H6 @=K47 560:>:@, 3?D3?0=55J@ 56 :?5:<= 4=80616H33, 3 ;68A3D=?83 7906D=55J@ (74=1K655J@) 9:40=K3A <5=?=532 < F24K=A 4: 15 320/ >:46, ?0=472P=>: M6 :AD=A5J@.

'H=0/Q :F=?9=D=53/ 4:?A:<=15:?A3 786M655JQ < 4=80616H33 4655JQ 03H6, M653@62P3=?/ 91=491353@6A=0O?8:E 4=/A=0O5:?AO2, :F/M65J <=?A3 ?9=H360O572 853>7 7D=A6 4:Q:4:< 3 16?Q:4:<, M693?J<6AO ;6@3033 3 641=?6 803=5A:<, 96H3=5A:< 3 A.9.

'56?A:/P== <1=@/ F:0ON35?A<: 560:>:906A=0OP38:< :?<:F:K4=5J :A :F/M655:?A3 9: 9:46D= 4=80616H33. GA: ?</M65: ? :A86M:@

282 2&J#%= IV. 2%DE=)$"0&1)% D"?E#&$?B0%11>H #"H"#"0______

:A 913@=5=53/ 91:>1=??3<5:E N860J 560:>::F0:K=53/ 3 9=1=Q:4:@ 8 91:9:1H3:560O5:@7 @=A:47 560:>::F0:K=53/.

#60:>:<J= 6>=5AJ :F/M65J =K=>:45: 5= 9:M45== 1 691=0/ >:46, ?0=472P=>: M6 3?A=8N3@ 560:>:<J@ 9=13:4:@, 91=4?A6<0/AO 560:>:<J@ :1>656@ ?<=4=53/ : ?7@@6Q, <J906D=55JQ ;3M3D=?83@ 03H6@, 3 :F 74=1K655JQ 3M RA3Q ?7@@ 560:>6Q (A68 56MJ<6=@6/ 8:?<=556/ 4=80616H3/).

'H=0/Q 8:5A1:0/ M6 ?:F024=53=@ #60:>:<:>: 8:4=8?6 560:>:<J= :1>65J 91:<=1/2A 91=4913/A3/, 7D1=K4=53/, :1>653M6H33 3 ;3M3D=?83Q 03H, M61=>3?A131:<655JQ < 86D=?A<= 91=491353@6A=0=E, <J906D3<62P3Q >16K4656@ 4:Q:4J. )1=4@=A 91:<=183 — 916<30O5:?AO 74=1K653/ 560:>6 56 4:Q:4J 3 <JD=A:< 3M :F06>6=@:>: 4:Q:46, ?<:=<1=@=55:?AO 3 9:05:A6 9=1=D3?0=53/ < F24K=A 74=1K655JQ ?7@@ 560:>6.

)13 91:<=18= 560:>:906A=0OP38:< 3??0=472A?/ 4:87@=5AJ, ?</M655J= ? 3?D3?0=53=@ 3 7906A:E 560:>:< (4=5=K5J= 4:87@=5AJ, F7Q>60A=1?83= 853>3, 4=80616H33 3 A.9.), 91:3M<:43A?/ :?@:A1 9:@=P=53E, 3?9:0OM7=@JQ 40/ 91=491353@6A=0O?8:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3.

(-5$I6 ,- 6E+M1?#"$ G6C601?=6K 56B

'56?A:/P== <1=@/ :FV=@ 9:?A790=53E < F24K=A :A 560:>:< 56 3@7P=?A<: ;3M3D=?83Q 03H 5=M56D3A=0=5. #60:>3 56 3@7P=?A<: 4:1:>:?A:/P3 < 64@353?A16A3<5:@ :F?07K3<6533, A68 DA: 9:1:2 4:Q:4J :A 53Q 5= 9:81J<62A M6A16A, ?</M655JQ ? 7D=A:@ 3 :H=58:E :F06>6=@:>: 3@7P=?A<6, ?F:1:@ 560:>:<. % 16M<3A3=@ D6?A5:E ?:F?A<=55:?A3 3 707DN=53=@ F06>:?:?A:/53/ >16K465, 6 A68K= ?:<=1- N=5?A<:<653=@ 91:H=471J 1=>3?A16H33 :FV=8A:< 5=4<3K3@:?A3 4:0/ RA3Q 560:>:< 4:0K56 7<=03D3AO?/.

#60:>3 56 3@7P=?A<: ;3M3D=?83Q 03H F6M3172A?/ 56 A=113A:1360O5:@ 9135H39=. #60:>::F0:K=532 9:40=K6A 4<6 <346 :FV=8A:<: 5=4<3K3@:?AO — K30J= 4:@6, 8<61A31J, 46D3, >616K3 3 35J= ?A1:=53/, 9:@=P=53/ 3 ?::17K=53/, 56Q:4/P3=?/ 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33; A165?9:1A5J= ?1=4?A<6

— ?6@:0=AJ, <=1A:0=AJ, A=90:Q:4J, /QAJ, 86A=16, @:A:?653, @:A:15J= 0:483 3 417>3= A165?9:1A5J= ?1=4?A<6, M61=>3?A131:<655J= < *:??33 5=M6<3?3@: :A 56H3:560O5:>: 303 21343D=?8:>: ?A6A7?6 3Q ?:F?A<=553861.

#60:>:<6/ F6M6 :91=4=0/=A?/ 56 :?5:<= ?A:3@:?A3 5=4<3K3@:>: 3@7P=?A<6 3 @:P5:?A3 4<3>6A=0=E A165?9:1A5JQ ?1=4?A<, 8:03D=?A<6 96??6K31:-@=?A, <@=?A3@:?A3.

':A5:N=533 :FV=8A:< 5=4<3K3@:?A3 ?A6<83 560:>6 3M@=5/2A?/ < M6<3?3@:?A3 :A 16M@=16 F6MJ, A.=. 560:> /<0/=A?/ < RA:E D6?A3 91:>1=??3<5J@. ,0/ 16M03D5JQ <34:< A165?9:1A5JQ ?1=4?A< 7?A65:<0=5J 16M03D5J= ?A6<83 < 91:H=5A6Q :A @353@60O5:>: 16M@=16 :906AJ A1746. !=4=160O5J@ M68:5:@ 7?A65:<0=5J 91=4=0O5J= ?A6<-

'%@ S68:5 *! :A 9 4=86F1/ 1991 > T 2003-1 «& 560:!6Q 56 3@7P=?A<: ;3M3D=?83Q 03H» // '=4:@:?A3 %#, *! 3 '% *! 1992.

T 8. %A. 362.

<=&0& 14. 8?1"01>% 1&="D), 0J)F&%F>% 0 26

283

83 560:>:<, 8:A:1J= @:>7A 43;;=1=5H31:<6AO?/ 91=4?A6<3A=0O5J@3 :1>656@3 @=?A5:>: ?6@:7916<0=53/

XO>:AJ 9: 560:>7 56 5=4<3K3@:?AO 91=4:?A6<0/2A?/ < :?5:<5:@ 56 :?5:<= ?:H360O5JQ 813A=13=<: 35<60345:?AO, 4:?A3K=53= 9=5?3:55:>: <:M16?A6, :?:FJ= M6?07>3 9=1=4 :FP=?A<:@ 3 >:?7461?A<:@ 3 A.9.

&F/M655:?AO 3?D3?0/AO 560:> 56 3@7P=?A<: <:M0:K=56 56 560:>:<J= :1>65J, 8:A:1J= 9:07D62A :A :1>653M6H3E, :?7P=?A<0/2P3Q 7D=A 5=4<3K3@:?A3 3 A165?9:1A5JQ ?1=4?A<, ?::A<=A?A<72P72 35-

;:1@6H32, 56 == :?5:<= 16??D3AJ<62A 560:> 3 <17D62A 560:>:906A=0OP387 560:>:<:= 7<=4:@0=53=. #60:> 56 3@7P=?A<: 906A=0OP38 7906D3<6=A ?6@:?A:/A=0O5: < 4<6 ?1:86 — 8 15 ?=5A/F1/ 3 15 5:/F1/ >:46, M6 8:A:1JE 91:3M<:43A?/ :906A6.

(-5$I ,- 6E+M1?#"$, 91%1K$A:M11 " 9$%:A=1 ,-?51A$"-,6: 656 A-%1,6:

"@7P=?A<:, 9:07D=55:= ;3M3D=?83@3 03H6@3 < 9:1/48= 56?0=4:<653/ 303 461=53/ :A 417>3Q ;3M3D=?83Q 03H, 5= 9:40=K3A :F0:K=532 560:>:@ 56 4:Q:4J. '@=?A: 5=>: <M3@6=A?/ 560:> 56 3@7P=- ?A<:, 9=1=Q:4/P== < 9:1/48= 56?0=4:<653/ 303 461=53/, 8:A:1JE 7D3AJ<6=A :?:F=55:?A3 9:07D=53/ 4:Q:46, F:0== 43;;=1=5H31:<655: 9:4Q:43A 8 :F0:K=532 3@7P=?A<6 < 8:581=A5:E ?3A76H33. #60:>::F0:K=53= 56?0=4?A<6 3 461=53/ :FV=435=5: 5= A:0O8: 3M-M6 >16K465?8:-916<:<JQ :?:F=55:?A=E 4655JQ ?4=0:8, 5: A68K= 3M-M6 A:>:, DA: 461=53= /<0/=A?/ 563F:0== 16?91:?A165=55J@ ?9:?:F:@ :FQ:46 560:>::F0:K=53/ 56?0=4?A<6, A68 DA: M68:5:46A=0O 913M560 5=:FQ:43@J@ 716<5/AO 560:>:<J= 9:?0=4?A<3/ RA3Q 4<7Q ?4=0:8.

#60:> 7906D3<6=A 5:<JE ?:F?A<=5538 3@7P=?A<6. #60:>:@ :F06>6=A?/ 3@7P=?A<: < A:@ ?07D6=, =?03: 56?0=4?A<: :A81J0:?O 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 303 ?4=086 461=53/ 1=>3?A1317=A?/ (9:40=K3A 1=>3?A16H33) 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33; 35J@3 ?0:<6@3, 560:> F6M317=A?/ 56 A=113A:1360O5:@ 9135H39=;

56?0=47=@:= 303 91353@6=@:= < 461 3@7P=?A<: <Q:43A < 9=1=D=5O 91=4@=A:< 560:>::F0:K=53/ (5=4<3K3@:?AO, 6<A:A165?9:1A5J= ?1=4?A<6, 65A38<6136A, 2<=0315J= 3M4=03/, <602A5J= H=55:?A3 3 H=55J= F7@6>3, <8064J < 81=43A5JQ :1>653M6H3/Q 3 A.9.);

?A:3@:?AO 3@7P=?A<6 91=<JN6=A 560:>::F06>6=@JE @353@7@, 16<5JE < ?07D6= 56?0=4:<653/ 850 ?A6<86@ 7?A65:<0=55:>: M68:5:@ @353@60O5:>: 16M@=16 :906AJ A1746, 6 < ?07D6= 461=53/ — 80. #60:>::F0:K=532 9:40=K3A 4:0/ 86K4:>: 8:581=A5:>: 9:07D6A=0/ 3@7P=?A<6, 6 5= ?A:3@:?AO <?=>: 91=4V/<0/=@:>: 9: 56?0=4?A<7 303 < 461 3@7P=?A<6.

"@7P=?A<: :H=53<6=A?/ 56 @:@=5A :A81JA3/ 56?0=4?A<6 303 74:?A:<=1=53/ ?4=083 461=53/ (6 5= 56 @:@=5A <?A790=53/ < 916<: 56?0=4?A<6 303 ;68A3D=?8:>: 9:07D=53/ 3@7P=?A<6), A.=. 3?9:0OM7=A?/ 568:93A=0O5JE @=A:4 7D=A6 F6MJ 560:>::F0:K=53/.

284 2&J#%= IV. 2%DE=)$"0&1)% D"?E#&$?B0%11>H #"H"#"0______

&H=587 K30:>: 4:@6 (8<61A31J), 46D3 3 ?64:<:>: 4:@386 <J9:05/2A :1>65J 8:@@7560O5:>: Q:M/E?A<6 303 ?A16Q:<J= :1>653M6H33, :H=587 A165?9:1A5JQ ?1=4?A< — ?A16Q:<J= 3 417>3= :1>653M6H33, 8:A:1J@ 91=4:?A6<0=5: RA: 916<:. &H=586 417>:>: 3@7P=?A<6, 56913@=1 65A38<6136A6, 9:17D6=A?/ R8?9=1A6@.

%A6<83 560:>6 ?A1:/A?/ 9: ?3?A=@= ?0:K5:E 91:>1=??33 ? 913@=5=53=@ 560:>:<JQ 16M1/4:< 906A=0OP38:<. #6?0=45383 3 :4613<6=@J= 16M4=0/2A?/ 56 16M1/4J < M6<3?3@:?A3 :A ?A=9=53 1:4?A<6. S68:5 7?A656<03<6=A A13 16M1/46 906A=0OP38:<: I — 56?0=45383 9=1<:E :D=1=43; II — 56?0=45383 <A:1:E :D=1=43; III — <?= 417>3= 03H6. ,0/ 86K4:>: 16M1/46 7?A65:<0=5J ?<:3 ?A6<83. '57A13 86K4:>: 16M1/46 ?A6<86 7<=03D3<6=A?/ ? 1:?A:@ 560:>:<:E F6MJ. L=K47 16M1/46@3 ? 7@=5ON=53=@ ?A=9=53 1:4?A<6 ?A6<83, 91=47?@:A1=55J= 40/ 560:>::F0:K=53/ :453Q 3 A=Q K= ?7@@, <:M16?A62A'.

XO>:AJ 9: 560:>7 91=47?@:A1=5J < ;:1@6Q 3MV/A3E 3 560:>:<JQ 81=43A:<. )13@=1:@ 3MV/A3/ /<0/=A?/ :?<:F:K4=53= :A 560:>::F0:K=53/ 8<61A31J, < 8:A:1:E 56?0=4538 91:K3<60 ?:<@=?A5: ? 56?0=4:46A=0=@. %A:91:H=5A5JE 560:>:<JE 81=43A (9:05:= :?<:F:K4=53= :A 7906AJ 560:>6) 91=4:?A6<0/=A?/, 56913@=1, 03H6@, 56?0=472P3@ 9:>3FN3@ 913 3?9:05=533 ?07K=F5JQ :F/M655:?A=E 303 <J9:05=533 :FP=?A<=55:>: 4:0>6.

+<=4:@0=53= :F 7906A= 560:>6 ?:?A6<0/=A?/ 560:>:<J@ :1>65:@ 56 :?5:<= ?<=4=53E, 91=4?A6<0=55JQ 5:A6137?:@, 1=>3?A13172P3@ ;68A 9135/A3/ 56?0=4?A<6 303 ?4=087 461=53/. S68:5 7?A656<03<6=A :A<=A?A<=55:?AO 5:A6137?:< M6 5=91=4?A6<0=53= 303 5=?<:=<1=@=55:= 91=4?A6<0=53= 786M655:E 35;:1@6H33. #60:> 4:0K=5 FJAO 7906D=5 4: 3?A=D=53/ A1=Q @=?/H=< ?: 45/ <17D=53/ 906A=0OP387 560:>:<:>: 7<=4:@0=53/. ,: 9:>6N=53/ 5=4:3@83 ?:F?A<=5538 5= @:- K=A 91:46AO, 9:4613AO, 417>3@ ?9:?:F:@ 1=603M:<6AO 913:F1=A=55:= 3@7P=?A<:.

&?:F6/ 91:H=4716 7906AJ 91=47?@:A1=56 < :A5:N=533 03H, 5= 3@=2P3Q 9:?A:/55:>: @=?A6 K3A=0O?A<6 < *:??33. &53 :F/M65J M6906A3AO 560:> 4: @:@=5A6 4:87@=5A60O5:>: :;:1@0=53/ 916<6 ?:F?A<=55:?A3. #:A6137?7 91=4V/<0/=A?/ 8<3A65H3/ :F 7906A= 560:>6. 'J46D6 4:87@=5A6, 74:?A:<=1/2P=>: 916<: ?:F?A<=55:?A3, F=M 9:4A<=1K4=53/ ;68A6 7906AJ 560:>6 5= 4:97?86=A?/.

§ 2. .&="D), EG=&N)0&%F>% "$D&1)J&()AF)

C17996 560:>:<, 7906D3<6=@JQ :1>653M6H3/@3, @5:>:D3?0=556. L=K47 A=@ 5= <?= <Q:4/P3= < 5== 560:>3 3@=2A :43568:<:= M56D=53= 868 40/ ?6@3Q 560:>:906A=0OP38:<, A68 3 40/ F24K=A6. #63F:- 0== <6K5J 560:> 56 913FJ0O, 560:> 56 4:F6<0=5572 ?A:3@:?AO, 68H3MJ, 560:>3 — 3?A:D5383 4:1:K5JQ ;:54:<, 560:> 56 3@7P=?A<:. ,0/ 91=4913/A3E, 91:3M<:4/P3Q 3 91:462P3Q 608:>:0O572 91:478H32, <=038: M56D=53= ?F:1:< M6 <J46D7 03H=5M3E 3 M6 916<:

<=&0& 14. 8?1"01>% 1&="D), 0J)F&%F>% 0 26

285

' %@. S68:5 *! :A 12 4=86F1/ 1991 >. T 2020-10// '=4:@:?A3 %#, 3 '% *!. 1992. T 12. %A. 593.

91:3M<:4?A<6 3 :F:1:A6 A68:E 91:478H33; 40/ 4:FJ<62P3Q :A16?0=E <6K=5 560:> 56 4:FJD7 9:0=M5JQ 3?8:96=@JQ.

(-5$I ,- 9%6*&5H

' 56?A:/P== <1=@/ 916<:<:E :?5:<:E <M3@653/ 560:>6 56 913FJ0O /<0/=A?/ >06<6 25 #- *!1. -68 3 560:> 56 4:Q:4J ;3M3D=?83Q 03H, 560:> 56 913FJ0O /<0/=A?/ 91/@J@, 03D5J@ 560:>:@, :?5:- <655J@ 56 9135H39= 1=M34=5A?A<6. *=M34=5A6@3, 7906D3<62P3@3 560:> ? 913FJ03, 9:07D=55:E 868 < *:??33, A68 3 M6 17F=K:@, /<0/2A?/ 21343D=?83= 03H6, M61=>3?A131:<655J= < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? 4=E?A<72P3@ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33. "5:?A1655J= 21343D=?83= 03H6 7906D3<62A < *:??33 560:> 56 913FJ0O, 9:07D=5572 :A 4=/A=0O5:?A3 D=1=M 9:?A:/55:= 91=4?A6<3- A=0O?A<:, 6 A68K= 560:> 56 4:Q:4J, 9:07D=55J= 3M 3?A:D538:< 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33.

!30360J 303 35J= :F:?:F0=55J= 9:416M4=0=53/ 1:??3E?83Q :1>653M6H3E 3?9:05/2A :F/M655:?A3 RA3Q :1>653M6H3E 9: 7906A= 560:>6 56 913FJ0O 9: @=?A7 ?<:=>: 56Q:K4=53/.

#= /<0/2A?/ 906A=0OP386@3 560:>6 56 913FJ0O @60J= 91=4913/A3/, 913@=5/2P3= 791:P=5572 ?3?A=@7 560:>::F0:K=53/, 7D=A6 3 :AD=A5:?A3, 6 A68K= :1>653M6H33, <=47P3= 91=491353@6- A=0O?872 4=/A=0O5:?AO < ?;=16Q, 40/ 8:A:1JQ 91=47?@:A1=56 7906A6 =435:>: 560:>6 56 <@=5=55JE 4:Q:4.

)13FJ0O 91=4913/A3/, <J?A7962P6/ :FV=8A:@ 560:>::F0:K=53/, 91=4?A6<0/=A ?:F:E 4:Q:4, 7@=5ON=55JE 56 <=03D357 91:3M<=4=55JQ 16?Q:4:<. ,:Q:4 :1>653M6H33 /<0/=A?/ 1=M70OA6A:@ ?0:- K=53/ 4:Q:46 :A 1=603M6H33 91:478H33 (16F:A, 7?07>) 3 3@7P=?A<=55JQ 916<, 3 4:Q:46 :A <5=1=603M6H3:55JQ :9=16H3E, A.=. 5=91:3M<:4?A<=55:E (5=:?5:<5:E) 4=/A=0O5:?A3.

,:Q:4 :A 1=603M6H33 :91=4=0/=A?/ 868 <J17D86 :A 1=603M6H33 A:<61:< (16F:A, 7?07>), <J17D86 :A 1=603M6H33 3@7P=?A<6 (<802D6/ H=55J= F7@6>3) 3 3@7P=?A<=55JQ 916< M6 @357?:@ M6A16A. S68:5:46A=0O?A<: : 560:>= 56 913FJ0O 91=47?@6A13<6=A 4<6 ?9:?:F6 :91=4=0=53/ <J17D83. &?5:<5:E ?:?A:3A < A:@, DA: <J17D86 16<56 ?7@@= ?1=4?A<, 9:07D=55:E :A 1=603M6H33 91:478H33 (16F:A, 7?07>), 7@=5ON=55:E 56 <=03D357 8:?<=55JQ 560:>:< (560:>6 56 4:F6<0=5572 ?A:3@:?AO, 68H3M:< 3 R8?9:1A5JQ 9:N035). ,:9:053A=0O5JE ?9:?:F @:K=A 913@=5/AO?/ < 5=?8:0O83Q ?07D6/Q: 8:>46 ?4=086 M6802D=56 @=K47 <M63@:M6<3?3@J@3 03H6@3; =?03 3@=03 @=?A: F61A=15J= :9=16H33; 913 ?:<=1N=533 <5=N5=A:1>:<JQ ?4=0:8; 913 :A80:5=533 H=5J ?4=083 F:0== D=@ 56 20% :A :FJD5:>: 71:<5/ H=5. ' RA3Q ?07D6/Q 560:>:<JE :1>65 <916<= :91=4=03AO ?7@@7 <J17D83 56 :?5:<= 1J5:D5JQ H=5 56 1=603M:<65572 91:478H32 (16F:A7, 7?07>7) ? ?:F024=53=@ 1/46 916<30, 7?A65:<0=55JQ < ?A. 40 D6?A3 9=1<:E #- *!.

#60:>:906A=0OP38 7@=5ON6=A 9:07D=55J= 4:Q:4J 56 ?7@@7

1 %@. !=4=160O5JE M68:5 :A 6 6<>7?A6 2001 > T 110-!S//%S *! 2001. T 33. %A. 3413

286 2&J#%= IV. 2%DE=)$"0&1)% D"?E#&$?B0%11>H #"H"#"0______

91:3M<=4=55JQ 16?Q:4:<. ):4 9:?0=453@3 9:53@62A?/ :F:?5:<655J= 3 4:87@=5A60O5: 9:4A<=1K4=55J= M6A16AJ, 9:5=?=55J= 560:>:906A=0OP38:@. S6A16AJ, ?</M655J= ? 91:3M<:4?A<:@ 3 1=603M6H3=E 91:478H33 (16F:A, 7?07>), <802D62A?/ < 16?Q:4J 560:>:906A=0OP386 <5= M6<3?3@:?A3 :A A:>:, 79:@/57AJ :53 91/@: < ?::A<=A?A<72P=@ 9=1=D5=, 7?A65:<0=55:@ < >06<= 25 #- *!, 303 5=A. "5J@3 ?0:<6@3, 4=E?A<7=A 9135H39: «S6A16AJ, ?</M655J= ? 91:3M<:4?A<:@ 3 1=603M6H3=E 91:478H33 (16F:A, 7?07>) :A5:?/A?/ 8 16?Q:46@ 560:>:906A=0OP386, =?03 35:= 5= 7?A65:<0=5: #60:>:<J@ 8:4=8?:@». ):@3@: ?</M3 ? 91:3M<:4?A<:@ 91:478H33 (16F:A, 7?07>) 560:>:906A=0OP387 913Q:43A?/ 4:86MJ<6AO :F:?5:<655:?AO M6A16A, A.=. 9:4A<=1K46AO, DA: 9:5=?=55J= 16?Q:4J FJ03 R8:5:@3D=?83 :916<465J.

*6?Q:4J, ?</M655J= ? 91:3M<:4?A<:@ 3 1=603M6H3=E 91:478H33 (A:<61:<, 16F:A, 7?07>), <802D62A < ?=F/ @6A=1360O5J= M6A16AJ, M6A16AJ 56 :906A7 A1746, ?7@@J 56D3?0=55:E 6@:1A3M6H33, 91:D3= M6A16AJ, ?</M655J= ? 91:3M<:4?A<:@ 3 1=603M6H3=E. - 9:?0=453@, < D6?A5:?A3, :A5:?/A?/ 16?Q:4J 560:>:906A=0OP386 56 8:@65431:<83, 56 ?=1A3;386H32 91:478H33 3 7?07> 3 41.

,:Q:4 :A <5=1=603M6H3:55JQ :9=16H3E :91=4=0/=A?/ 868 16M53H6 @=K47 4:Q:46@3 :A A683Q :9=16H3E 3 9:5=?=55J@3 < ?</M3 ? 53@3 16?Q:46@3. - <5=1=603M6H3:55J@ :A5:?/A?/ 4:Q:4J :A ?46D3 3@7P=?A<6 < 61=547; 4:Q:4J :A 4:0=<:>: 7D6?A3/ < 417>3Q 91=4913/A3/Q; 4:Q:4J :A :9=16H3E 87903-91:46K3 35:?A1655:E <602AJ; 4:Q:4 < <34= 91:H=5A:<, 9:07D=55JQ 9: 4:>:<:17 M6E@6 3 81=43A6; 4:Q:4 :A 91=4:?A6<0=53/ < 9:0OM:<653= 916< 56 1=M70OA6AJ 35A=00=8A760O5:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3, 417>3= 9:4:F5J= 4:Q:4J. '5=1=603M6H3:55J= 16?Q:4J 4:0K5J FJAO R8:5:@3D=?83 :F:?5:<65J 3 4:87@=5A60O5: 9:4A<=1K4=5J.

#60:>:<J@ 8:4=8?:@ 916<: :91=4=0/AO 4:Q:4J :A 1=603M6H33 86??:<J@ @=A:4:@ 91=4:?A6<0=5: A:0O8: :1>653M6H3/@ ? 5=F:0ON3@ :FV=@:@ <J17D83 (< ?1=45=@ 9: >:47 4: 1 @05 17F. < 8<61A60). #60:> 56 913FJ0O /<0/=A?/ N=470/15J@ 560:>:@. ,: 2002 >. <J4=0/03?O ?0=472P3= <34J 913FJ03 (4:Q:4:<), 8:A:1J= :F06>603?O 560:>:@ 9: 16M5J@ ?A6<86@:

913FJ0O :A :?5:<5:E (91:3M<:4?A<=55:E) 4=/A=0O5:?A3; 4:Q:4J :A 7D6?A3/ < 417>3Q 91=4913/A3/Q;

4:Q:4J (43<34=54J, 91:H=5AJ) 9: H=55J@ F7@6>6@;

4:Q:4J :A <34=:9:86M6, <34=:91:86A6 3 ?</M655:E ? 53@3 4=/A=0O5:?A3.

' 4:9:053A=0O5J= N=470J @:>06 FJAO <J4=0=56 913FJ0O :A <34:< 4=/A=0O5:?A3, :F06>6=@JQ 9:<JN=55J@ 560:>:@ 9: 1=N=532 ?7FV=8A6 !=4=16H33:

913FJ0O :A 9:?1=453D=?83Q :9=16H3E 3 ?4=0:8, 913FJ0O :A ?A16Q:<:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3;

913FJ0O :A :A4=0O5JQ F658:<?83Q :9=16H3E 3 ?4=0:8. #60:>:<J@ 8:4=8?:@ 8:03D=?A<: N=470 ?:816P=5: 4: A1=Q:

<=&0& 14. 8?1"01>% 1&="D), 0J)F&%F>% 0 26

287

913FJ0O :A :?5:<5:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3; 43<34=54J; 4:Q:4 :A :A4=0O5JQ <34:< 4:0>:<JQ :F/M6A=0O?A<. % 2002 >. :?5:<56/ ?A6<86 560:>6 7?A656<03<6=A?/ < 16M@=1= 24%, 3M 53Q ?A6<86 560:>6 56 913FJ0O, M6D3?0/=@:>: < ;=4=160O5JE F24K=A, ?:?A6<0/=A 7,5%, < 1=>3:560O5J= F24K=AJ — 14,5 %, 2% — < @=?A5J= F24K=AJ. S68:5:46A=0O5J= :1>65J ?7FV=8A:< *! <916<= 3M@=5/AO 560:>:<J= ?A6<83 9: ?7@@= 560:>6, 9:40=K6P=E M6D3?0=532 < 3Q F24K=A A:0O8: < ?A:1:57 9:53K=53/, 913D=@ ?A6<86 5= @:K=A FJAO 9:53K=56 F:0ON=, D=@ 56 4%.

' :A5:N=533 35JQ N=470 ?A6<83 9:05:?AO2 :91=4=0/2A?/ ;=4=160O5J@ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@. I68, < :A5:N=533 43<34=54:< 913@=5/2A?/ ?0=472P3= ?A6<83:

6% — 9: 4:Q:46@, 9:07D=55J@ < <34= 43<34=54:< :A 1:??3E?83Q :1>653M6H3E 1:??3E?83@3 :1>653M6H3/@3 3 ;3M3D=?83@3 03H6@3 — 560:>:<J@3 1=M34=5A6@3 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33; 15% — 9: 4:Q:46@, 9:07D=55J@ < <34= 43<34=54:< :A 1:??3E?83Q :1>653M6H3E 35:?A1655J@3 :1>653M6H3/@3, 6 A68K= 9: 4:Q:46@, 9:07D=55J@ < <34= 43<34=54:< 1:??3E?83@3 :1>653M6H3/@3 :A 35:?A1655JQ :1>653M6H3E.

- 4:Q:46@ :A :A4=0O5JQ <34:< 4:0>:<JQ :F/M6A=0O?A< 913@=5/=A?/ ?A6<86 15%. !=4=160O5J@ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ 7?A65:<0=5J ?A6<83 56 4:Q:4J 35:?A1655JQ :1>653M6H3E, 5=

?</M655J= ? 4=/A=0O5:?AO2 < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 D=1=M 9:?A:/55:= 91=4?A6<3A=0O?A<: — 20%, 10% — :A 3?9:0OM:<653/, ?:4=1K653/ 303 ?46D3 < 61=547 (;16QA6) ?74:<, ?6@:0=A:< 303 417>3Q 9:4<3K5JQ A165?9:1A5JQ ?1=4?A< 303 8:5A=E5=1:< < ?</M3 ? :?7P=?A<0=53=@ @=K47561:45JQ 9=1=<:M:8.

): ?A6<8= 0 91:H=5A:< :F06>6=A?/ 913FJ0O, 9:07D=556/ Y=5A160O5J@ F658:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 :A :?7P=?A<0=53/ 4=/A=0O5:?A3, ?</M655:E ? <J9:05=53=@ 3@ ;758H3E, 91=47?@:A1=5- 5JQ !=4=160O5J@ M68:5:@ «& Y=5A160O5:@ F658= *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 (.658= *:??33)». )06A=0OP38 :91=4=0/=A ?7@@7 560:>6 ?6@:?A:/A=0O5: 56 :?5:<6533 4655JQ ?9=H360O5:>: 560:>:<:>: 7D=A6, <=4=53= 8:A:1:>: 1=>06@=5A31:<65: >0. 25 #60:>:<:>: 8:4=8?6 *!. #60:> 16??D3AJ<6=A?/, 868 916<30:, =K=8<61A60O5:. ' A=D=53= :AD=A5:>: 9=13:46 <5:?/A?/ =K=@=?/D5J= 03F: =K=8<61A60O5J= 6<65?:<J= 906A=K3, 3Q 16M@=1 :91=4=0/=A?/ @=A:4:@ «:A 4:?A3>57A:>:». #60:>:<J@ 9=13:4:@ ?D3A6=A?/ >:4. ' A=D=53= RA:>: 9=13:46 560:>::F06>6=@6/ 913FJ0O 3 9:40=K6P6/ 7906A= ?7@@6 560:>6 3?D3?0/2A?/ 5616?A62P3@ 3A:>:@.

(-5$I ,- 6E+M1?#"$ 9%1A9%6:#6N

Y=0O <<=4=53/ 560:>6 56 3@7P=?A<: 91=4913/A3E < 560:>:<72 ?3?A=@7 *:??33 — ?A3@7031:<6AO 91:3M<:43A=0O5:= 3?9:0OM:<653= 3@7P=?A<6 91=4913/A3E, ?:816A3AO 5=3?9:0OM7=@J= M696?J ?J1O/ 3 @6A=1360:<.

#60:> 56D3?0/=A?/ 56 3@7P=?A<: 91=4913/A3E-1=M34=5A:< (< A:@

288 2&J#%= IV. 2%DE=)$"0&1)% D"?E#&$?B0%11>H #"H"#"0______

D3?0= 56 :?5:<5J= ?1=4?A<6, 91:3M<:4?A<=55J= M696?J, 4:0>:<1=@=55J= <0:K=53/, A=87P3= <0:K=53/ < 868:E-03F: <34 3@7P=?A<6), 56Q:4/P==?/ 56 3Q F6065?=, M6 3?802D=53=@ 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A< 56 ?D=A6Q 3 3@7P=?A<6, :?<:F:K4=55:>: :A 560:>::F0:K=53/.

+ 5=1=M34=5A:< 560:>:@ :F06>6=A?/ 3@7P=?A<:, 16?9:0:K=55:= 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, 8:5A35=5A60O5:@ N=0O;= *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 3 < 3?802D3A=0O5:E R8:5:@3D=?8:E M:5= *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33.

%1=45=>:4:<6/ ?A:3@:?AO :F06>6=@:>: 3@7P=?A<6 < H=0/Q 560:>::F0:K=53/ :91=4=0/=A?/ 97A=@ ?0:K=53/ ?A:3@:?A=E 3@7P=?A<6 56 56D60: 86K4:>: @=?/H6 3 4=0=53/ 9:07D=55:>: 1=M70OA6A6 56

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

)13 :A?7A?A<33 1=N=53/ M68:5:46A=0O5:>: :1>656 ?7FV=8A6 !=4=16H33 :F 7?A65:<0=533 8:581=A5JQ ?A6<:8 560:>6 56 3@7P=?A<: 913@=5/=A?/ @68?3@60O56/ ?A6<86, 7?A65:<0=556/ ;=4=160O5J@ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@.

#60:>:<J@ 9=13:4:@ /<0/=A?/ 860=54615JE >:4, :AD=A5J@ — 8<61A60. #60:> 3?D3?0/=A?/ 5616?A62P3@ 3A:>:@, <5:?3A?/ < F24K=A 9:8<61A60O5: 3 < 8:5H= >:46 91:<:43A?/ =>: 9=1=16?D=A.

(-5$I ,- $91%-B66 ? B1,,&E6 *+E-I-E6

' 56?A:/P== <1=@/ 560:> 56 :9=16H33 ? H=55J@3 F7@6>6@3 7906D3<6=A?/ A:0O8: 913 1=>3?A16H33 91:?9=8A6 R@3??33 H=55JQ F7@6>. (>: 906A=0OP386@3 /<0/2A?/ 21343D=?83= 03H6 — R@3A=5AJ H=55JQ F7@6>. &FV=8A 560:>::F0:K=53/ — 5:@3560O56/ ?7@@6 <J97?86 H=55JQ F7@6>, M6/<0=556/ R@3A=5A:@2.

1 %@ ?A 6 S68:56 *! :A 13 4=86F1/ 1991 > T 2030-1 «& 560:>= 56 3@7P=?A<: 91=4913/A3E»//'=4:@:?A3 %#, 3 '% *!. 1992 T 12 %A 599

2 %@ !=4=160O5JE M68:5 :A 18 :8A/F1/ 1995 > T158-!S//%S *! 1995 T43. %A. 4011.

__________<=&0& 14. 8?1"01>% 1&="D), 0J)F&%F>% 0 26_______289

GA:A 560:> @:K5: ?16<53AO ? 1=>3?A16H3:55:E 9:N035:E, 9:?8:0O87 =>: ?7@@6 7906D3<6=A?/ 906A=0OP38:@ :45:<1=@=55: ? 91=4?A6<0=53=@ 4:87@=5A:< 56 1=>3?A16H32 R@3??33. #60:> 3?- D3?0/=A?/ < 16M@=1= 0,8% 5:@3560O5:E ?7@@J R@3??33, 3 =@7 5=9:?1=4?A<=55: 8:11=?9:54317=A <?A1=D56/ 7?07>6 1=>3?A13172P=>: :1>656. &4568: < ?07D6= :A86M6 < 1=>3?A16H33 R@3??33 560:> < :A03D3= :A >:?7461?A<=55:E 9:N035J 5= <:M<16P6=A?/.

XO>:AJ 9: 560:>7 56 :9=16H33 ? H=55J@3 F7@6>6@3 91=4:?A6<0/2A?/ < :?5:<5:@ < ;:1@= 3MV/A3E. #6913@=1, 5= /<0/=A?/ :FV=8A:@ :F0:K=53/ 5:@3560O56/ ?7@@6 H=55JQ F7@6> 68H3:5=15JQ :F-' P=?A<, :?7P=?A<0/2P3Q 9=1<3D572 R@3??32 H=55JQ F7@6> 303 7<=03D=53= 7?A6<5:>: 8693A606 56 <=03D357 9=1=:H=583 :?5:<5JQ ;:54:<, 91:3M<=4=55:E < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? 916<3A=0O?A<=55J@3 9:?A65:<0=53/@3. &?<:F:K4=56 :A 560:>6 5:@3560O56/ ?7@@6 <J97?8:< >:?7461?A<=55JQ H=55JQ F7@6> *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, >:?7461?A<=55JQ H=55JQ F7@6> ?7FV=8A:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 3 @753H3960O5JQ H=55JQ F7@6>. #60:> A68K= 5= <M3@6=A?/ 913 <J97?8= :F03>6H3E, R@3A317=@JQ

.658:@ *:??33 < H=0/Q 1=603M6H33 3@ 4=5=K5:-81=43A5:E 9:03A383.

§ 3. .&="D), EG=&N)0&%F>% @)J)N%?')F) ) L$)#)N%?')F) =)(&F)

- RA:E >1799= :A5:?3A?/ 1/4 560:>:<, ?1=43 8:A:1JQ 563F:0== M56D3A=0O5J@3 /<0/2A?/ #,%, 68H3MJ, 560:>3, 9:?A7962P3= < 4:1:K5J= ;:54J, =435JE 560:> 56 <@=5=55JE 4:Q:4, 560:> ? 91:46K 3 M=@=0O5JE 560:>.

(-5$I ,- A$*-"51,,+L ?#$6E$?#H

#60:> 56 4:F6<0=5572 ?A:3@:?AO (#,%) — 8:?<=55JE @5:>:?A79=5D6AJE 560:>, <M3@6=@JE 56 <?=Q ?A643/Q 91:3M<:4?A<6 3 1=603M6H33 A:<61:< (16F:A, 7?07>). ' A=:133 560:>::F0:K=53/ :5 9:- 07D30 56M<653= «753<=1?60O5:>: 68H3M6» 'M3@653= #,% 9:?A1:=5: 56 A=113A:1360O5:@ 9135H39=: 560:>::F0:K=532 9:40=K6A 868 1=M34=5AJ A68 3 5=1=M34=5AJ, ?:<=1N62P3= 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 :9=16H33, 913M56<6=@J= :FV=8A6@3 560:>::F0:K=53/. )16<:<:E :?5:<:E 3?D3?0=53/ 3 <M3@653/ #,% /<0/=A?/ >06<6 23 #- *!1.

%3?A=@6 <M3@653/ #,%, 3?9:0OM7=@6/ < *:??33, 5= 91=47?@6A13<6=A 5=9:?1=4?A<=55:>: :91=4=0=53/ 4:F6<0=55:E ?A:3@:?A3, A.=. ?7@@J, 4:F6<0=55:E 91:3M<:43A=0=@ A:<616 8 ?A:3@:?A3 ?J1O/, @6A=1360:<, 5=8:A:1JQ 417>3Q M6A16A, 9:5=?=55JQ < ?</M3 ? 91:3M<:4?A<:@. '@=?A: RA:>: ?A6<86 913@=5/=A?/ 8 8:@9:5=5A6@ 4:F6<0=55:E ?A:3@:?A3: 8 ?A:3@:?A3 1=603M:<655:>: A:<616 3 8 ?A:3@:?A3 91:3M<:4?A<=55JQ M6A16A. GA:A @=A:4 16?D=A6 #,% 56MJ<6=A?/ @=A:4:@ M6D=A6 9: ?D=A6@ 303 35<:E?5J@ @=A:4:@.

#60:>:906A=0OP38 <J93?J<6=A 9:8796A=02 A:<616 (16F:AJ, 7?-

1 %S *!. 2000 T 32 %A 3340.

'9-9677

290 2&J#%= IV. 2%DE=)$"0&1)% D"?E#&$?B0%11>H #"H"#"0_______

47>3) ?9=H360O5JE (9: 7?A65:<0=55:E )16<3A=0O?A<:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 ;:1@=) ?D=A- ;68A717, 7<=03D3<6/ H=57 A:<616 (16F:AJ, 7?07>3) 56 ?7@@7 560:>6, 8:A:16/ 786MJ<6=A?/ :A4=0O5:. "M 9:07D=55:>: :A 9:8796A=0/ 560:>6 560:>:906A=0OP38 <JD3A6=A ?7@@7 560:>6, 7906D=55:>: 3@ 913 913:F1=A=533 5=:FQ:43@JQ 40/ 91:3M<:4?A<=55JQ 57K4 A:<61:< (16F:A, 7?07>) 3 <J4=0=5572 < ?D=A=-;68A71= 9:?A6<P386. *6M53H6 <5:?3A?/ < F24K=A.

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

- :FV=8A6@ 560:>::F0:K=53/ :A5=?=5J A68K= 9=1=46D6 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 A:<61:< (<J9:05=53= 16F:A, :86M653= 7?07>) 40/ ?:F?A<=55JQ 5=91:3M<:4?A<=55JQ 57K4 3 <J9:05=53= ?A1:3A=0O5:-@:5A6K5JQ 16F:A 40/ ?:F?A<=55:>: 9:A1=F0=53/.

,17>3@ :FV=8A:@ #,% /<0/=A?/ 3@9:1A A:<61:<. #60:> <M3@6=A?/ A6@:K=55J@3 :1>656@3 56 :?5:<= A6@:K=55:E ?A:3@:?A3 A:<616.

S68:5 7?A656<03<6=A 5=?8:0O8: ?A6<:8 560:>6: 570=<72, ?A65461A572, 9:53K=5572 3 16?D=A572. ):53K=556/ ?A6<86 913@=5/=A?/ 913 560:>::F0:K=533 :?5:<5JQ 91:4:<:0O?A<=55JQ A:<61:< 3 A:<61:< 4=A?8:>: 6??:1A3@=5A6 9: 9=1=D52, 7?A65:<0=55:@7 < #60:>:<:@ 8:4=8?=.

#60:>::F0:K=53= 91:3M<:43A?/ 9: 16?D=A5J@ ?A6<86@ 560:>6 913 9:07D=533 6<65?:<JQ 906A=K=E, 913 74=1K6533 560:>6 560:>:<J@3 6>=5A6@3, 913 1=603M6H33 ?=0O?8:Q:M/E?A<=55:E 91:478H33 3 91:478A:< == 9=1=16F:A83.

)13 R8?9:1A= A:<61:< 3 7?07> #,% <M3@6=A?/ 9: 570=<:E ?A6<8=. &F06>62A?/ 9: 570=<:E ?A6<8= 3 7?07>3 9: ?:91:<:K4=532, A165?9:1A31:<8=, 9:>17M8=, 9=1=>17M8= R8?9:1A317=@JQ 3 3@9:1A317=@JQ A:<61:<, A165M3A7 35:?A1655JQ >17M:< D=1=M A=113A:132 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, 6 A68K= 7?07>3 9: 9=1=16F:A8= A:<61:<, 9:@=P=55JQ 9:4 A6@:K=55J= 1=K3@J 9=1=16F:A83 A:<61:< 56 A6@:K=55:E A=113A:133 3 9:4 A6@:K=55J@ 8:5A1:0=@.

#70=<6/ ?A6<86 < 56?A:/P== <1=@/ 913@=5/=A?/ < :A5:N=533 A:<61:< 3 7?07>, 91=456M56D=55JQ 40/ :;3H360O5:>: 9:0OM:<653/ 35:?A1655J@3 4390:@6A3D=?83@3 91=4?A6<3A=0O?A<6@3 3 3Q 9=1?:560:@, <802D6/ 91:K3<62P3Q <@=?A= ? 53@3 D0=5:< 3Q ?=@=E. #60:>:906A=0OP386@, 913@=5/2P3@ 570=<72 ?A6<87, <:M@=N6-

1 %@.: ):?A65:<0=53= -:5?A3A7H3:55:>: %746 *! :A 20 ;=<160/ 2001 > T3-)//%S *! 2001 T 10 %A 996

__________<=&0& 14. 8?1"01>% 1&="D), 0J)F&%F>% 0 26_______291

2A?/ 3M F24K=A6 ?7@@J 560:>6, 7906D=55J= 3@3 913 913:F1=A=533 A:<61:<, 16F:A, 7?07>, 3?9:0OM:<655JQ 913 91:3M<:4?A<= :F06>6=@:E 9: 570=<:E ?A6<8= 91:478H33 (A:<61:<, 16F:A 3 7?07>). ':M@=P=53= 91:3M<:43A?/ 97A=@ <:M<16A6 303 M6D=A6 7906D=55JQ ?7@@ 560:>6 56 :?5:<6533 1=N=53/ 560:>:<:>: :1>656, < 8:A:1JE 560:>:906A=0OP38 91=4?A6<0/=A :A4=0O572 4=80616H32.

*/4 A:<61:< 3 7?07> 9:05:?AO2 :?<:F:K4=5 :A 560:>::F0:K=53/. .:0ON6/ D6?AO 3M 0O>:A317=@JQ 7?07> 5:?3A ?:H360O572 56916<0=55:?AO: 7?07>3 9: ?:4=1K6532 4=A=E < 4:N8:0O5JQ 7D1=K4=- 53/Q, 13A760O5J= 3 @=43H35?83= 7?07>3, 8<61A3156/ 906A6, 7?07>3 >:1:4?8:>: 96??6K31?8:>: A165?9:1A6 3 41. &453@ 3M :F/M6A=0O5JQ 7?0:<3E 913@=5=53/ 0O>:A 9: #,% /<0/=A?/ 5603D3= 7 560:>:906A=0OP386 03H=5M33 56 M65/A3= A=@ <34:@ 0O>:A317=@:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3, 8:A:16/ 9:40=K3A :F/M6A=0O5:@7 03H=5M31:<6532.

' ?::A<=A?A<33 ?: ?0:K3<N=E?/ @=K47561:45:E 9168A38:E 5= :F06>6=A?/ #,% 1=603M6H3/ 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 7?07> 9: ?46D= < 61=547 ?07K=F5JQ 3 K30JQ 9:@=P=53E 35:?A1655J@ >16K4656@ 303 :1>653M6H3/@, 6881=43A:<655J@ < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33. XO>:A6 91=4:?A6<0/=A?/ A:0O8: 56 7?0:<3/Q <M63@5:?A3: < ?07D6/Q =?03 56H3:560O5J@ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ 6881=43A72P=>: >:?7461?A<6 7?A65:<0=56 6560:>3D56/ 0O>:A6 < :A5:N=533 1:??3E?83Q >16K465 3 :1>653M6H3E, 6881=43A:<655JQ < RA:@ 35:?A1655:@ >:?7461?A<=, 03F: =?03 A686/ 5:1@6 91=47?@:A1=56 @=K47561:45J@ ?:>06N=53=@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33.

#60:>, 7906D=55JE < ?</M3 ? 913:F1=A=53=@ A:<61:< (16F:A, 7?07>), 5=:FQ:43@JQ 40/ 91:3M<:4?A<6 5=:F06>6=@JQ A:<61:< 303 :86M653/ 5=:F06>6=@JQ 7?07>, 03F: 8:@9=5?317=A?/ 560:>:906A=0OP387 3M F24K=A6, 03F: <802D6=A?/ < ?=F=?A:3@:?AO 91:478H33.

%1:83 ?:?A6<0=53/ 3 91=4?A6<0=53/ < 560:>:<JE :1>65 16?D=A:< #,%, 6 A68K= =>: 7906AJ M6<3?/A < :?5:<5:@ :A @6?NA6F6 4=/A=0O5:?A3 560:>:906A=0OP386. )13 F:0ON3Q :F:1:A6Q 560:> 7906D3<6=A?/ 9: 3?A=D=533 86K4:>: 560:>:<:>: 9=13:46 — =K=@=?/D5:, 913 5=M56D3A=0O5JQ — 1=K=. ,0/ 560:>:906A=0OP38:< ? =K=@=?/D5J@3 < A=D=53= 8<61A606 ?7@@6@3 <J17D83, 5= 91=<JN62P3@3 1 @05 17F., 560:>:<JE 9=13:4 7?A656<03<6=A?/ 868 8<61A60.

,0/ :1>653M6H3E 3 91=491353@6A=0=E, 7 8:A:1JQ ?7@@6 <J17D83 M6 A13 9:?0=4:<6A=0O5JQ 860=54615JQ @=?/H6 5= 91=<J?306 < ?:<:8795:?A3 7?A65:<0=55JE 560:>:<J@ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ 16M@=1 (< 56?A:/P== <1=@/ — 1 @05 17F.), 91=47?@:A1=56 <:M@:K5:?AO 9:07D=53/ :?<:F:K4=53/ :A 3?9:05=53/ :F/M655:?A=E 560:>:906A=0OP386.

!=B6C&

' :A03D3= :A @5:>:?A79=5D6A:>: #,% 68H3MJ 7906D3<62A?/ < F24K=A :435 16M 91:3M<:43A=0=@ 9:468H3M5:>: A:<616 3 9=1=8064J<62A?/ 56 9:A1=F3A=0/. ):RA:@7 8:?<=55J= 560:>3, < A:@ D3?0= 68H3MJ, 5:?/A 1=>1=??3<5JE Q6168A=1. % H=0O2 :?06F3AO 3Q 5=>6A3<5:= <03/53= 56 @60::F=?9=D=55J= ?0:3 56?=0=53/ < D3?0: )&,-19-

292 2&J#%= IV. 2%DE=)$"0&1)% D"?E#&$?B0%11>H #"H"#"0______

68H3M5JQ A:<61:< A1643H3:55: <802D62A 91=4@=AJ 1:?8:N3 (2<=0315J= 3M4=03/, 0=>8:<J= 6<A:@:F303 3 A.9.) 3 A:<61J, 9:0OM72P3=?/ 9:<JN=55J@ ?91:?:@, 5: 5= 4:1:>3= < 91:3M<:4?A<= (?931A5J= 3 A6F6D5J= 3M4=03/, F=5M35 3 A.9.).

G8:5:@3D=?86/ 1:0O 68H3M6 M6802D6=A?/ < 9=1=16?91=4=0=533 4:Q:4:< 3 91=9/A?A<33 :F16M:<6532 ?<=1Q<J?:8:E 913FJ03. % RA:E K= H=0O2 68H3M6@3 A1643H3:55: :F06>62A?/ 8:@96533, 4:- FJ<62P3= @35=160O5:= ?J1O=.

C06<:E 22 #- *! <<=4=5J 4<= >1799J 91=4@=A:< 560:>::F0:K=53/ 68H3M6@3 — 9:468H3M5J= A:<61J 3 9:468H3M5:= @35=160O5:= ?J1O=. )=1=D=5O 9:468H3M5JQ A:<61:< <802D6=A ?931A:?:4=1- K6P72 91:478H32, A6F6D5J= 3M4=03/, 2<=0315J= 3M4=03/, 0=>8:<J= 6<A:@:F303, 6<A:@:F30O5JE F=5M35 3 43M=0O5:= A:903<:. - 9:468H3M5:@7 @35=160O5:@7 ?J1O2 :A5:?3A?/ 9131:45JE >6M. )=1=D=5O 9:468H3M5JQ A:<61:< 3 9:468H3M5:>: @35=160O5:>: ?J1O/, ?A6<83 68H3M:<, < A:@ D3?0= 9: A:<616@, <<:M3@J@ 56 A=113A:132 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, =435J 56 <?=E A=113A:133 *:?- ?3E?8:E !=4=16H33 3 7?A65:<0=5J < #60:>:<:@ 8:4=8?= *!1.

,=E?A<72P3= ?A6<83 68H3M:< 16M4=0/2A?/ 56 ?9=H3;3D=?83=, 7?A656<03<6=@J= < A<=14JQ ?7@@6Q, 3 64<60:15J= (91:H=5A5J=). I68, 40/ 2<=0315JQ 3M4=03E 3 5=8:A:1JQ <34:< 9:468H3M5:>: @3- 5=160O5:>: ?J1O/ 913@=5/2A?/ 64<60:15J= ?A6<83, 6 40/ 608:>:0O5:E 3 A6F6D5:E 91:478H33 — ?9=H3;3D=?83=.

&FV=8A6@3 68H3M:< /<0/2A?/ ;68AJ 1=603M6H33 (9=1=46D3) 560:>:906A=0OP38:@ 9:468H3M5JQ A:<61:< (< A:@ D3?0= 3 3M 46<60O-D=?8:>: ?J1O/), 6 A68K= 3@9:1A 9:468H3M5JQ A:<61:<. ' >0. 22 #- *! 7?A65:<0=5 568:93A=0O5JE @=A:4 7D=A6 560:>:<:E F6MJ: @:@=5A:@ 1=603M6H33 9:468H3M5JQ A:<61:< 3 9:468H3M5:>: @35=160O5:>: ?J1O/, M6 3?802D=53=@ @:A:15:>: @6?06 3 9131:45:>: >6M6, /<0/=A?/ 4=5O 3Q :A>17M83. L:@=5A:@ 1=603M6H33 @:A:15:>: @6?06 3 9131:45:>: >6M6 ?D3A6=A?/ 4=5O 9:?A790=53/ 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A< 56 F658:<?83E ?D=A 303 < 86??7 560:>:906A=0OP386. %7@@7 68H3M6 906A=0OP383 :91=4=0/2A ?6@:?A:/A=0O5:. )13 RA:@ ?7@@6 68H3M6, 868 3 #,%, < ?D=A6Q- ;68A716Q <J4=0/=A?/ :A4=0O5:E ?A1:8:E.

'H=0/Q 16?N31=53/ R8?9:1A6 >:A:<:E 91:478H33 3 5=4:97P=53/ 4<:E5:>: 560:>::F0:K=53/ 68H3M 5= <M3@6=A?/ 03F: <:M<16P6=A?/ (<:M@=P6=A?/) 3M F24K=A6 < ?07D6= 9:?A6<:8 F:0ON35?A<6 9:468H3M5JQ A:<61:< M6 91=4=0J >:?7461?A< — 7D6?A538:< %#C. #= :?<:F:K462A?/ :A 68H3M:< 9:?A6<83 56 R8?9:1A @35=160O5:>: ?J1O/.

%1:83 7906AJ 560:>6 3 91=4?A6<0=53/ :AD=A5:?A3 :91=4=0/2A?/ < M6<3?3@:?A3 :A <=03D35J :F:1:A6 9: 1=603M6H33 ?::A<=A?A<72P=>: A:<616 3 <346 91:3M<:43@:E 91:478H33. #63F:0== D6?A: 7906D3<62A 68H3M 91:3M<:43A=03 RA30:<:>: ?931A6 3 038=1:-<:4:D5JQ 3M4=03E.

'86D=?A<= :?:F:E @=1J 8:5A1:0/ M6 ?<:=<1=@=55J@ 3 9:05J@ <5=?=53=@ 68H3M:< < F24K=A 913@=5/=A?/ :F/M6A=0O56/ @61831:<86

<=&0& 14. 8?1"01>% 1&="D), 0J)F&%F>% 0 26

293

%S *! 2000. T 32. %A 3340.

?9=H360O5J@3 @6186@3 68H3M5:>: ?F:16 608:>:0O5:E 91:478H33, A6F686 3 A6F6D5JQ 3M4=03E, 868 91:3M<:43@JQ 56 A=113A:133 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, A68 3 <<:M3@JQ 56 == A6@:K=5572 A=113A:- 132.

' *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 68H3MJ :A5=?=5J 8 ;=4=160O5J@ 560:>6@, 5: :53 =K=>:45: 16?91=4=0/2A?/ < 9:1/48= @=KF24K=A5:>: 1=>7031:<653/ 4:Q:4:< @=K47 F24K=A6@3 16M5JQ 71:<5=E. ' 1=>3:560O5J= F24K=AJ @:K=A M6D3?0/AO?/ :A 50 4: 100% ?7@@ 68H3M:<, ?:F1655JQ 56 A=113A:133 ?7FV=8A:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H331.

(-5$I6, 9$?#+9-LM61 " A$%$<,&1 G$,A&

' RA7 >17997 <Q:4/A 560:>3, 7?A65:<0=55J= S68:5:@ *! :A 18 :8A/F1/ 1991 >. T 1759-1 «& 4:1:K5JQ ;:546Q < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33»2. *6??@6A13<6=@6/ >17996 560:>:< @:K=A M6D3?0/AO?/ 868 < F24K=AJ ?7FV=8A:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, A68 3 < H=0=<J= ;:54J, 8:5?:034317=@J= < ?::A<=A?A<72P3Q F24K=A6Q, — !=4=160O5JE 3 A=113A:1360O5J= 4:1:K5J= ;:54J. S6 ?D=A ?1=4?A< 4655JQ ;:54:< :?7P=?A<0/=A?/ ;3565?31:<653= M6A16A, ?</M655JQ ? ?:4=1K653=@, 1=@:5A:@, 1=8:5?A178H3=E 3 ?A1:3A=0O?A<:@ 6<A:@:F30O5JQ 4:1:> :FP=>: 9:0OM:<653/.

Q0:"F '0 #":?1"-0+&:&4 0-+"."/):?';= 7","F 7906D3<62A <?= 21343D=?83= 03H6 5=M6<3?3@: :A ;68A3D=?8:>: 9:0OM:<653/ 6<A:4:1:>6@3. .6M:E 40/ 3?D3?0=53/ 560:>6 < M6<3?3@:?A3 :A <346 4=/- A=0O5:?A3 560:>:906A=0OP386 /<0/=A?/ <J17D86, 9:07D=556/ :A 1=603M6H33 91:478H33 (16F:A, 7?07>), 03F: ?7@@6 16M53HJ @=K47 91:46K5:E 3 9:8795:E H=56@3 A:<61:<.

Q0:"F * -:07&:?8&- +,0'*#",+';= *,&7*+- 7906D3<6=A?/ =K=>:45: <064=0OH6@3 6<A:@:F30=E, @:A:H380:<, @:A:1:00=1:<, 6<A:F7?:< 3 417>3Q ?6@:Q:45JQ @6N35 3 @=Q653M@:< 56 95=<@:Q:47 913 91:Q:K4=533 :F/M6A=0O5:>: A=Q53D=?8:>: :?@:A16. *6M@=1 560:>6 M6<3?3A :A @:P5:?A3 4<3>6A=0/ 6<A:@:F30/.

I58)1; '0 ,&0:)108)> :&F5"-;= 0-+"."/):&4 7906D3<62A M6<:4J-3M>:A:<3A=03 ? ?:F024=53=@ 7?0:<3E, 7?A65:<0=55JQ >0. 22 #- *! «&F 68H3M6Q».

T9%$O1,,-: ?6?#1E- ,-5$I$$*5$<1,6:. (-5$I ,- "E1,1,,&N A$K$A

' :A5:N=533 4:Q:4:< @60:>: 3 ?1=45=>: F3M5=?6 913@=5/2A?/ :?:FJ= 560:>:<J= 1=K3@J.

)=1<JE 3M 53Q, 9:07D3<N3E 56M<653= $#,"%&''"4 *)*+&.; '0:"F""/:"K&')2, $9&+0 ) "+9&+'"*+), ?:?A:3A < M6@=5= 7906AJ :1>653M6H3=E ?:<:8795:?A3 7?A65:<0=55JQ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 ;=4=160O5JQ, 1=>3:560O5JQ 3 @=?A5JQ 560:>:< 3 ?F:1:< 7906A:E =435:>: 560:>6, 3?D3?0/=@:>: 9: 1=M70OA6A6@ Q:M/E?A<=55:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3 :1>653M6H33. "543<34760O5J= 91=491353@6A=03, 9=1=N=4N3= 56 A6872 ?3?A=@7, <@=?A: 560:>6 56 4:Q:4J

1

%@ )130:K=53= T 2 8 S68:57 *! :A 30 4=86F1/ 2001 > T 194-!S «& !=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 2002 >.» // %S *! 2001.

T 53. %A. 5030.

2

'=4:@:?A3 %#, 3 '% *%!%*. 1991 T 44. %A. 1426

294 2&J#%= IV. 2%DE=)$"0&1)% D"?E#&$?B0%11>H #"H"#"0______

:A 91=491353@6A=0O?8:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3 7906D3<62A ?A:3@:?AO 96A=5A6 56 M65/A3= 4655:E 4=/A=0O5:?AO21.

%7FV=8AJ @60:>: 91=491353@6A=0O?A<6 3@=2A 916<: <JF:16 791:P=55:E ?3?A=@J 560:>::F0:K=53/ 03F: :FJD5:>: 560:>:<:>: 1=K3@6. ,:87@=5A:@, 74:?A:<=1/2P3@ 916<: 913@=5=53/ 791:P=55:E ?3?A=@J 560:>::F0:K=53/, /<0/=A?/ >:4:<:E 96A=5A, <J46<6=@JE 560:>:<J@3 :1>656@3. S691=A 56 913@=5=53= 791:P=55:>: 560:>:<:>: 1=K3@6 7?A65:<0=5 40/ :1>653M6H3E, M65/AJQ < 91:3M<:4?A<= 9:468H3M5:E 91:478H33, 40/ 81=43A5JQ :1>653M6H3E, ?A16- Q:<P38:<, 35<=?A3H3:55JQ ;:54:<, 91:;=??3:560O5JQ 7D6?A538:< 1J586 H=55JQ F7@6> 3 41. %A:3@:?AO 96A=5A6 < F:0ON35?A<= 1=>3:5:< M6<3?3A :A <346 4=/A=0O5:?A3 3 :91=4=0/=A?/ 91=4?A6<3A=0O5J@3 :1>656@3 ?7FV=8A:< !=4=16H33. ' 5=8:A:1JQ 1=>3:56Q ?A:3@:?AO 96A=5A6 M6<3?3A :A ?1:86 91=491353@6A=0O?8:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3 3 5= ?</M656 ? == <34:@. I68, 56913@=1, < >. L:?8<= >:4:<6/ ?A:3@:?AO 96A=5A6 40/ 3543<34760O5:>: 91=491353@6A=0/ ?:?A6<0/=A <=03D357, 816A572 :91=4=0=55:@7 16M@=17 @353@60O5:E @=?/D5:E :906AJ A1746. ' 86K4JE 9:?0=472P3E >:4 16M@=1 ?A:3@:?A3 96A=5A6 7<=03D3<6=A?/. #6D356/ ? A1=AO=>: >:46 16F:AJ 3 < 9:?0=472P3= >:4J ?A:3@:?AO 96A=5A6 :?A6=A?/ 5=3M@=55:E, :F=?9=D3<6/ ?A6F30O5:?AO 7?0:<3E 91=491353@6A=0O?8:E 4=/A=0O5:?A32.

' 1/4= 1=>3:5:< 916<: 7?A65:<0=53/ ?A:3@:?A3 96A=5A6 4=0=>31:<65: @=?A5J@ :1>656@ <06?A3, 9:?8:0O87 < RA3Q 1=>3:56Q 906A6 M6 96A=5A 9:05:?AO2 M6D3?0/=A?/ < @=?A5J= F24K=AJ. S68:5:46- A=0O?A<:@ ?7FV=8A6 !=4=16H33 03NO :>1653D3<62A?/ 53K53E 3 <=1Q53E 91=4=0J >:4:<:E ?A:3@:?A3 96A=5A65.

)13@=5=53= 791:P=55:E ?3?A=@J 560:>::F0:K=53/ 56916<0=5: 56 <:<0=D=53= < ?;=17 560:>::F0:K=53/ @60:>: F3M5=?6, 03F=1603M6H32 :FJD5JQ ;:1@ 560:>:<:>: 8:5A1:0/, 8:A:1J= 5= <?=>46 4=E?A<=55J 3@=55: < RA:E ?;=1=.

'A:1J@ <34:@ :?:F:>: 1=K3@6 560:>::F0:K=53/ /<0/=A?/ &7)';4 '0:"F '0 -.&'&'';4 7"="7 40/ :91=4=0=55JQ <34:< 4=/A=0O5:?A3. ' :A03D3= :A 791:N=55:E ?3?A=@J 560:>::F0:K=53/ 913@=5=-