Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Скачиваний:
2
Добавлен:
15.05.2023
Размер:
5.61 Mб
Скачать

<34:< 16?Q:4:< F24K=A:<, 8:A:1J= 4: 9135/A3/ M68:5:46A=0O5:>: 68A6 5= ;3565?31:<603?O 53 :453@ F24K=A:@, 786M655JE 916<:<:E 68A 4:0K=5 ?:4=1K6AO 5:1@J, :91=4=0/2P3= 3?A:D5383 3 9:1/4:8 ;3565?31:<653/ 5:<JQ <34:< 16?Q:4:< F24K=A:<, < A:@ D3?0= 9=1=46D7 5=:FQ:43@JQ ;3565?:<JQ 1=?71?:< 56 5:<J= <34J 16?Q:4:< < F24K=AJ ?7FV=8A:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 3 @=?A5J= F24K=AJ. )13 :91=4=0=533 3?A:D538:< ;3565?31:<653/ 5:<JQ <34:< 16?Q:4:< F24K=A:< 3?802D6=A?/ 7<=03D=53= 4=;3H3A:< F24K=A:<.

!3565?31:<653= 5:<JQ <34:< 16?Q:4:< F24K=A:< @:K=A :?7P=?A<0/AO?/ A:0O8: ? 56D606 :D=1=45:>: ;3565?:<:>: >:46 913 7?0:<33 3Q <802D=53/ < ?::A<=A?A<72P3E F24K=A.

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

%:>06?5: .- *! 16M@=1 4=;3H3A6 ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 5= @:K=A 91=<JN6AO ?7@@615JE :FV=@ F24K=A5JQ 35<=?A3H3E 3 16?Q:4:< 56 :F?07K3<653= >:?7461?A<=55:>: 4:0>6 *! < ?::A<=A?A<72P=@ ;3565?:<:@ >:47.

*6M@=1 4=;3H3A6 F24K=A6 ?7FV=8A6 *! 5= @:K=A 91=<JN6AO 15% :FV=@6 4:Q:4:< F24K=A6 ?7FV=8A6 *! F=M 7D=A6 ;3565?:<:E 9:@:P3 3M ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6.

*6M@=1 4=;3H3A6 @=?A5:>: F24K=A6, < ?<:2 :D=1=4O, 5= @:K=A

<=&0& 6. UL#V%B1&A ?)?B%F& 26

91

91=<JN6AO 10% :FV=@6 4:Q:4:< @=?A5:>: F24K=A6 F=M 7D=A6 ;3565?:<:E 9:@:P3 3M F24K=A:< 35JQ 71:<5=E.

' ?::A<=A?A<33 ?: ?A. 92 .- *! < ?07D6= 9135/A3/ F24K=A6 ? 4=;3H3A:@ ?::A<=A?A<72P3@ M68:5:@ (1=N=53=@) : F24K=A= 7A<=1K462A?/ 3?A:D5383 =>: ;3565?31:<653/. #= @:>7A FJAO :A5=?=5J 8 9:4:F5J@ 3?A:D5386@ 81=43AJ .6586 *:??33, 6 A68K= 913:F1=A=53= 3@ 4:0>:<JQ :F/M6A=0O?A< *!, ?7FV=8A:< *!, @753H3960O5JQ :F16M:<653E 913 3Q 9=1<3D5:@ 16M@=P=533.

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

M'&<')& )*+"9')5) <J?A7962A < ?0=472P3Q ;:1@6Q: >:?7461?A<=55J= M6E@J, :?7P=?A<0/=@J= < 35:?A1655:E <602A= 97A=@ <J97?86 H=55JQ F7@6> :A 3@=53 *!; 81=43AJ 916<3A=0O?A<6 35:?A1655JQ >:?7461?A<, F658:< 3 ;31@, @=K47561:45JQ ;3565?:<JQ :1>653M6H3E, 91=4:?A6<0=55J= < 35:?A1655:E <602A=, 913<0=D=55J= *!.

"?A:D5386@3 ;3565?31:<653/ 4=;3H3A6 F24K=A6 ?7FV=8A6 *! @:>7A FJAO A:0O8: <57A1=553= 3?A:D5383 < ?0=472P3Q ;:1@6Q: >:?7461?A<=55J= M6E@J, :?7P=?A<0/=@J= 97A=@ <J97?86 H=55JQ F7- @6> :A 3@=53 ?7FV=8A6 *!; F24K=A5J= ??74J 3 F24K=A5J= 81=43AJ, 9:07D=55J= :A F24K=A:< 417>3Q 71:<5=E F24K=A5:E ?3?A=@J; 81=43AJ, 9:07D=55J= :A 81=43A5JQ :1>653M6H3E; 9:?A790=53/ :A 91:46K3 3@7P=?A<6, 56Q:4/P=>:?/ < >:?7461?A<=55:E ?:F?A<=55:?A3 ?7FV=8A6 *!; 3M@=5=53= :?A6A8:< ?1=4?A< 56 ?D=A6Q 9: 7D=A7 ?1=4?A< F24K=A6 ?7FV=8A6 *!.

"?A:D5386@3 ;3565?31:<653/ 4=;3H3A6 @=?A5:>: F24K=A6 A68K= @:>7A FJAO A:0O8: <57A1=553= 3?A:D5383 < ?0=472P3Q ;:1@6Q: @753H3960O5J= M6E@J, :?7P=?A<0/=@J= 97A=@ <J97?86 @753H3960O5JQ H=55JQ F7@6> :A 3@=53 @753H3960O5:>: :F16M:<653/; 81=43AJ, 9:07D=55J= :A 81=43A5JQ :1>653M6H3E; F24K=A5J= ??74J 3 F24K=A5J= 81=43AJ, 9:07D=55J= :A F24K=A:< 417>3Q 71:<5=E F24K=A5:E ?3?A=@J *!; 9:?A790=53/ :A 91:46K3 3@7P=?A<6, 56Q:4/P=>:?/ < @753H3960O5:E ?:F?A<=55:?A3; 3M@=5=53= :?A6A8:< ?1=4?A< 56 ?D=A6Q 9: 7D=A7 ?1=4?A< @=?A5:>: F24K=A6.

(?03 913 3?9:05=533 F24K=A6 4:Q:4J 91=<JN62A M6906531:<655J= 16?Q:4J, RA: 56MJ<6=A?/

#,"G)8)+". F24K=A6.

): :FP=@7 916<307 ;=4=160O5JE F24K=A, F24K=AJ ?7FV=8A:< *! 3 @=?A5J= F24K=AJ 4:0K5J ?:?A6<0/AO?/ 3 7A<=1K46AO?/ F=M 91:;3H3A6. L:K=A FJAO A:0O8: 9=1<3D5JE 91:;3H3A, 9:4 8:A:1J@ 9:53@6=A?/ 91=<JN=53= 4:Q:4:< 564 16?Q:46@3 F=M 7D=A6 16?Q:4:<

92 2&J#%= III. !$&0"0"* $%V)F @"1#"0 #%1%V1>H ?$%#?B0_____

56 :F?07K3<653= >:?7461?A<=55:>: 4:0>6. ' RA:@ ?07D6= :F?07K3<653= >:?7461?A<=55:>: 4:0>6 91=<JN6=A ?7@@7 4=;3H3A6 F24K=A6.

§ 3. !$&0"0"* $%V)F D"?E#&$?B0%11>H 01%IL#V%B1>H @"1#"0

&453@ 3M 35?A3A7A:< ;3565?:<:E ?3?A=@J *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 /<0/2A?/ H=0=<J= ;:54J 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A<, ?:M4653= 8:A:1JQ 9:M<:0/=A 6887@7031:<6AO M56D3A=0O5J= 4=5=K5J= 1=?71?J 3 56916<0/AO 3Q 56 1=N=53= :91=4=0=55JQ ?:H360O5:-R8:5:@3D=?83Q H=0=E 3 M646D. #6M<655J= ;:54J :F16M72A?/ < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, 8:A:1:= :91=4=0/=A A68K= 3 9:1/4:8 3Q 16?Q:4:<653/.

&F16M:<653= H=0=<JQ ;:54:< 9:M<:0/=A <03/AO 56 91:H=?? 91:3M<:4?A<6 97A=@ ;3565?31:<653/ 563F:0== <6K5JQ :A16?0=E, :?7P=?A<0/AO 16M03D5J= @=1:913/A3/ ?:H360O5:>: Q6168A=16 97A=@ <J906AJ 9=5?3E, 9:?:F3E, 1=N6AO M646D3 < ?;=1= :F16M:<653/, :Q165J 9131:4J, 916<:9:1/486 3 A.4.

';3565?:<:@ 916<= 9:4 «;:54:@» 9:53@6=A?/ 5= A:0O8: ?::A<=A?A<72P6/ :1>653M6H3/ (:1>65), 56913@=1 )=5?3:55JE ;:54, 5: 3 ?:F?A<=55: ;:54 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A<, 8:A:1JE ;:1@317=A?/ M6 ?D=A 7?A65:<0=55JQ M68:5:@ 3?A:D538:<, 6887@70317=@JQ 56 :91=4=0=55JQ ?D=A6Q 3 91=456M56D=55JQ 40/ :91=4=0=55JQ H=0=E (?@., 56913@=1, ?A. 10, 17, 149 3 150 .- *!).

L5:K=?A<: H=0=<JQ ;:54:<, ?:M46<6=@JQ 16M03D5J@3 :1>656@3 <06?A3, 9:M<:0/=A 806??3;3H31:<6AO 3Q 9: 5=?8:0O83@ :?5:<653/@. ' 03A=16A71= 91=406>62A?/ ?0=472P3= <34J 806??3;386H3E 56M<655JQ ;:54:<: 1) 9: ;:1@= ?:F?A<=55:?A3 — >:?7461?A<=55J= 3 @753H3960O5J=; 2) 9: H=0/@ — R8:5:@3D=?83= 3 ?:H360O5J=; 3) 9: :1>656@, 3Q ?:M462P3@, — ;:54J )16<3A=0O?A<6 *!, )1=M34=5A6 *! 3 35JQ >:?7461?A<=55JQ :1>65:<; 4) 9: 56916<0=53/@ 16?Q:4:<653/ 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A< — :A16?0=<J= 4=5=K5J= ;:54J; 5) 9: ?1:86@ — ;:54J, ?:M46<6=@J= 56 9:?A:/55:E :?5:<= 3 <1=@=55J=; 6) 9: Q6168A=17 ;:1@31:<653/ 3 3?9:0OM:<653/ — ;:54J, <802D6=@J= < F24K=A 3 <5=F24K=A5J= ;:54J; 7) 9: 71:<52 7916<0=53/ — ;=4=160O5J=; 1=>3:560O5J= 3 @=?A5J=; 8) 9: 21343D=?8:E 9131:4= — ?:M46<6=@J= 56 :?5:<6533 16M03D5JQ 5:1@6A3<5:-916<:<JQ 68A:< (M68:56, 786M6, 9:?A65:<0=53/ 3 41.).

&?:F=55:?AO2 ;:1@317=@JQ ;:54:< /<0/=A?/ A:, DA: :53: ?:M462A?/ A:0O8: 56 :?5:<6533 5:1@6A3<5:- 916<:<:>: 68A6 (M68:56, 9:?A65:<0=53/ 3 41.); 8:@9=A=5A5J@, 79:05:@:D=55J@ :1>65:@; ? M6165== 7?A65:<0=55:E H=0O2.

-68 :A@=D60:?O 165==, H=0=<J= ;:54J @:>7A :F16M:<J<6AO?/ 868 < ?:?A6<= F24K=A6, A68 3 <5= F24K=A6.

'9:?0=45== <1=@/ < F24K=A5:E 9168A38= ?A606 913@=5/AO?/ A686/ ;:1@6, 868 B151"&1 *LA<1#,&1

G$,A& ' ?::A<=A?A<33 ?: ?A. 17 .- *! 9:4 H=0=<J@ F24K=A5J@ ;:54:@ 9:53@6=A?/ ;:54 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A<, :F16M7=@JE < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ *! < ?:?A6<= F24K=A6 M6 ?D=A 4:Q:4:< H=0=<:>: 56M56D=53/ 303

<=&0& 6. UL#V%B1&A ?)?B%F& 26

93

< 9:1/48= H=0=<JQ :AD3?0=53E :A 8:581=A5JQ <34:< 4:Q:4:< 303 35JQ 9:?A790=53E 3 3?9:0OM7=@JE 9: :A4=0O5:E ?@=A=. %1=4?A<6 H=0=<:>: F24K=A5:>: ;:546 5= @:>7A FJAO 3?9:0OM:<65J 56 H=03, 5= ?::A<=A?A<72P3= 56M56D=532 H=0=<:>: F24K=A5:>: ;:546. ):4:F5J= ;:54J @:>7A ?:M46<6AO?/ < ?A178A71= F24K=A:< 02F:>: 71:<5/ 56 :?5:<6533 M68:56 : F24K=A= 56 A=87P3E >:4. I68 K= 868 3 F24K=A 9:4:F5J= ;:54J ?7P=?A<72A :435 >:4, 9:?0= D=>: :53 ?:M462A?/ <5:<O 303 038<343172A?/. )16<:<:E 1=K3@ H=0=<JQ F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< 56 ;=4=160O5:@ 71:<5= :91=4=0/=A?/ .- *! (?A. 17 3 54), =K=>:45J@3 M68:56@3 : ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >F4 3 35J@3 9:4M68:55J@3 5:1@6A3<5J@3 68A6@3.

' 56?A:/P== <1=@/ < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? !=4=160O5J@ M68:5:@ «& ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 2002 >.» < ?:?A6<= ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 ;:1@3172A?/, 56913@=1, H=0=<:E F24K=A5JE ;:54 L353?A=1?A<6 *! 9: 6A:@5:E R5=1>33, 6 A68K= !=4=160O5JE ;:54 ;3565?:<:E 9:44=1K83 ?7FV=8A:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33.

- 4=E?A<72P3@ F24K=A5J@ ;:546@ :A5:?3A?/ 3 1=M=1<5JE ;:54 )16<3A=0O?A<6 *!. (>: 16M@=1 :91=4=0/=A?/ ;=4=160O5J@ M68:5:@ : ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 ?::A<=A?A<72P3E >:4, 5: F=M 16?- 91=4=0=53/ 9: :91=4=0=55J@ H=0=<J@ 56916<0=53/@.

)16<:<:= 1=>7031:<653= 1=M=1<5:>: ;:546 )16<3A=0O?A<6 *! :91=4=0/=A?/ ):0:K=53=@ : 9:1/48= 16?Q:4:<653/ ?1=4?A< 1=M=1<5:>: ;:546 )16<3A=0O?A<6 *!, 7A<=1K4=55:>: 9:?A65:<0=53=@ )16<3A=0O?A<6 *! :A 8 320/ 1997 >. T 8381. GA:A ;:54 ?:M46=A?/ 40/ ;3565?31:<653/ 5=91=4<34=55JQ 16?Q:4:< 3 @=1:913/A3E ;=4=160O5:>: M56D=53/, 5= 91=47?@:A1=55JQ < ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 ?::A<=A?A<72P3E ;3565?:<JE >:4. *=N=53/ )16<3A=0O?A<6 : <J4=0=533 ?1=4?A< 3M 1=M=1<5:>: ;:546 )16<3A=0O?A<6 *! 91353@62A?/ < A=Q ?07D6/Q, 8:>46 ?1=4?A<, 56Q:4/P3Q?/ < 16?9:1/K=533 ;=4=160O5JQ :1>65:< 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3 3 :1>65:< 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3 ?7FV=8A:< !=4=16H33, :?7P=?A<0/2P3Q RA3 @=1:913/A3/, 5=4:?A6A:D5:.

#=?8:0O8: :A03D62A?/ :A H=0=<JQ 35J= F24K=A5J= ;:54J, ?:M46<6=@J= < ?:?A6<= 16?Q:4:< F24K=A:<.

I68, < ?:?A6<= 16?Q:4:< ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 56 2002 >. 7A<=1K4=5J !:54 8:@9=5?6H3E, !:54 ?:;3565?31:<653/ ?:H360O5JQ 16?Q:4:<, !:54 1=>3:560O5:>: 16M<3A3/, !:54 1=;:1@31:<653/ 1=>3:560O5JQ ;3565?:<.

.24K=A5J= ;:54J ;:1@3172A?/ 3 < F24K=A6Q ?7FV=8A:< *!.

.24K=A56/ ?3?A=@6 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 <802D6=A < ?=F/, 868 :A@=D60:?O 165==, F24K=AJ I$?+A-%?#"1,,&K ",1*LA<1#,&K G$,A$" (?A. 10 .- *!). ' .24K=A5:@ 8:4=8?= *! 465: :91=4=0=53= >:?7461?A<=55:>: <5=F24K=A5:>: ;:546 868 ;:546 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A<, :F16M7=@:>: <5= ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6, F24K=A:< ?7FV=8A:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, 91=456M56D=55:>: 40/ 1=603M6H33 8:5?A3A7H3:55JQ 916< >16K465 56 9=5?3:55:= :F=?9=D=53=, ?:H360O5:= :F=?9=D=53= 9: F:0=M53, 35<60345:?A3, < ?07D6= 9:A=13

%S *!. 1997 T 28.

94 2&J#%= III. !$&0"0"* $%V)F @"1#"0 #%1%V1>H ?$%#?B0_____

8:1@30OH6, 1:K4=53/ 3 <:?93A653/ 4=A=E 3 < 35JQ ?07D6/Q, 91=47?@:A1=55JQ M68:5:@; ?:H360O5:= :F=?9=D=53= < ?07D6= F=M16F:A3HJ; :Q1657 M4:1:<O/ 3 9:07D=53= F=?906A5:E @=43H35?8:E 9:@:P3.

%:M4653= 9:4:F5JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A< 9:M<:0/=A 6887@7031:<6AO M56D3A=0O5J= 4=5=K5J= 1=?71?J 3 56916<0/AO 3Q 56 1=N=53= :91=4=0=55JQ ?:H360O5:- R8:5:@3D=?83Q H=0=E 3 M646D. '5=F24K=A5J= ;:54J :F16M72A?/ < ?::A<=A?A<33 ?

M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, 8:A:1:= :91=4=0/=A A68K= 3 9:1/4:8 3Q 16?Q:4:<653/. %1=4?A<6 RA3Q ;:54:< 56Q:4/A?/ < ;=4=160O5:E ?:F?A<=55:?A3. &45:<1=@=55: ?1=4?A<6 >:?7461?A- <=55JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< 5= <Q:4/A < ?:?A6< F24K=A:< <?=Q 71:<5=E F24K=A5:E ?3?A=@J *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 3 3MV/A32 5= 9:40=K6A.

)16<:<:E :?5:<:E ;:1@31:<653/ 3 3?9:0OM:<653/ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< /<0/2A?/ .24K=A5JE 8:4=8? *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 3 417>3= 5:1@6A3<5J= 68AJ.

- >:?7461?A<=55J@ <5=F24K=A5J@ ;:546@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 :A5:?/A?/: )=5?3:55JE ;:54 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33;

!:54 ?:H360O5:>: ?A16Q:<653/ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33; !=4=160O5JE ;:54 :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/.

C:?7461?A<=55J= <5=F24K=A5J= ;:54J 7916<0/2A?/ :1>656@3 >:?7461?A<=55:E <06?A3. .24K=AJ >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 ?:?A6<0/2A?/ :1>656@3 7916<0=53/ 786M655JQ ;:54:< 3 91=4?A6<0/2A?/ :1>656@3 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3 56 16??@:A1=53= M68:5:46A=0O5JQ :1>65:< :45:<1=@=55: ? 91:=8A6@3 ?::A<=A?A<72P3Q F24K=A:< 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4. .24K=AJ 56M<655JQ ;:54:< 16??@6A13<62A?/ 3 7A<=1K462A?/ !=4=160O5J@ %:F1653=@ < ;:1@= ;=4=160O5JQ M68:5:< :45:<1=@=55: ? 9135/A3=@ ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56 : ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4. $560:>3D5JE 9:1/4:8 ?:?A6<0=53/, 91=4?A6<0=53/ 3 7A<=1K4=53/ F24K=A:< A=113A:1360O5JQ >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< 91=47?@:A1=5 ?A. 145 .24K=A5:>: 8:4=8?6 *!.

,:Q:4J >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< ;:1@3172A?/ M6 ?D=A: =435:>: ?:H360O5:>: 560:>6; 4:F1:<:0O5JQ <M5:?:< ;3M3D=?83Q 3 21343D=?83Q 03H; 417>3Q 4:Q:4:<, 91=47?@:A1=55JQ M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33. &?:F=55:?AO2 16?Q:4:<653/ ?1=4?A< >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< /<0/=A?/ 3Q H=0=<:= 3?9:0OM:<653= < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? F24K=A6@3 786M655JQ ;:54:<.

"?9:05=53= F24K=A:< >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< :?7P=?A<0/=A?/ !=4=160O5J@ 86M56D=E?A<:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33.

): :8:5D6533 F24K=A5:>: >:46 :1>65:@ 7916<0=53/ ;:546 ?:?A6<0/=A?/ :AD=A : =>: 3?9:05=533 3 91=4?A6<0/=A?/ )16<3A=0O?A-

<=&0& 6. UL#V%B1&A ?)?B%F& 26

95

<:@ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 56 16??@:A1=53= 3 7A<=1K4=53= !=4=160O5:@7 %:F16532 < ;:1@= ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56.

&AD=A :F 3?9:05=533 F24K=A6 A=113A:1360O5:>: <5=F24K=A5:>: ;:546 ?:?A6<0/=A?/ :1>65:@ 7916<0=53/ ;:546 3 91=4?A6<0/=A?/ :1>65:@ 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3 ?7FV=8A6 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 56 16??@:A1=53= 3 7A<=1K4=53= M68:5:46A=0O5:@7 (91=4?A6<3A=0O5:@7) :1>657 ?7FV=8A6 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 < ;:1@= M68:56 ?7FV=8A6 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33.

#63F:0== M56D3@J@ 3 81795J@ /<0/=A?/ )=5?3:55JE ;:54, 916<:<:E 1=K3@ 8:A:1:>: :91=4=0=5 !=4=160O5J@3 M68:56@3: :A 17 4=86F1/ 2001 >. T 173-!S «& A174:<JQ 9=5?3/Q <I':??3E?8:E ;=4=16H33»1, :A 15 4=86F1/ 2001 >. T 166-!S «& >:?7461?A<=55:@ 9=5?3:55:@ :F=?9=D=533»2, :A 15 4=86F1/ 2001>. T2122-1 «&F :F/M6A=0O5:@ 9=5?3:55:@ ?A16Q:<6533 < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33»3,

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

%1=4?A<6 RA:>: ;:546 56916<0/2A?/ 56 <J906A7 9=5?3E 3 5=8:A:1JQ <34:< 9:?:F3E. )=5?3:55JE ;:54 — RA: ?6@:?A:/A=0O5JE :1>65 7916<0=53/ ;3565?6@3 9=5?3:55:>: :F=?9=D=53/, ?1=4?A<6 8:A:1:>: 5= <Q:4/A < ?:?A6< ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6. ' 56?A:/P3E @:@=5A )=5?3:55JE ;:54 *! 9:4D35/=A?/ )16<3A=0O?A<7 *!, 9=1=4 8:A:1J@ =K=>:45: :AD3AJ<6=A?/ : 1=M70OA6A6Q ?<:=E 4=/A=0O5:?A3.

)=5?3:55JE ;:54 ;:1@317=A?/ 56 ;=4=160O5:@ 71:<5=, < 1=?97F0386Q, <Q:4/P3Q < ?:?A6< !=4=16H33, 816/Q, :F06?A/Q, DA: 9:M<:0/=A :?7P=?A<0/AO <J906AJ <?=@ 9=5?3:5=16@, 5=M6<3?3@: :A @=?A6 3Q 91=K5=E 16F:AJ 3 @=?A6 K3A=0O?A<6.

- :?5:<5J@ M646D6@ )=5?3:55:>: ;:546 @:K5: :A5=?A3 ?0=472P3=:

H=0=<:E ?F:1 3 6887@70/H3/ ?1=4?A< 40/ <J906AJ 9=5?3E 3 9:?:F3E 56 4=A=E, 6 A68K= :1>653M6H3/ 3Q ;3565?31:<653/;

7D6?A3= 56 4:0>:<1=@=55:E :?5:<= < ;3565?:<JQ ;=4=160O5:E 3 1=>3:560O5JQ 91:>16@@6Q 9: ?:H360O5:E 9:44=1K8= 56?=0=53/;

16?N31=55:= <:?91:3M<:4?A<: ?1=4?A< ;:546 56 :?5:<= 9135H39:< ?6@:;3565?31:<653/ 3 41. - 3?A:D5386@ :F16M:<653/ )=5?3:55:>: ;:546 :A5:?/A?/:

%S *!. 2001 :%S *!. 2001 T 52 (D T51.

%S *!. 2001. T51. 4 '=4:@:?A3 %V=M46 #, *! 3 '% *!. 1992 T 5. %A. 180.

96 2&J#%= III. !$&0"0"* $%V)F @"1#"0 #%1%V1>H ?$%#?B0_____

=435JE ?:H360O5JE 560:>;

?A16Q:<J= <M5:?J;

?1=4?A<6 ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6;

?7@@J 9=5=E 3 35JQ ;3565?:<JQ ?658H3E;

4:Q:4J :A 16M@=P=53/ (35<=?A31:<653/) <1=@=55: ?<:F:45JQ ?1=4?A< :F/M6A=0O5:>: 9=5?3:55:>: ?A16Q:<653/;

4:F1:<:0O5J= <M5:?J;

35J= 3?A:D5383, 5= M691=P=55J= M68:5:46A=0O?A<:@ *!.

%1=4?A<6 )=5?3:55:>: ;:546 16?Q:472A?/ < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? 56M<655J@3 165== H=0/@3 56 <J906A7 9=5?3E 3 5=8:A:1JQ 9:?:F3E, < A:@ D3?0= <J906A7 9:?:F3E 9: 7Q:47 M6 1=F=58:@ < <:M16?A= ?A61N= 9:07A:16 0=A, :86M653= :1>656@ ?:H360O5:E M6P3AJ 56?=0=53/ @6A=1360O5:E 9:@:P3 91=?A61=0J@ 3 5=A174:?9:?:F5J@ >16K4656@, ;3565?:<:= 3 @6A=1360O5:-A=Q53D=?8:= :F=?9=D=53= A=87P=E 4=/A=0O5:?A3 )=5?3:55:>: ;:546 3 =>: :1>65:<, 6 A68K= 56 417>3= H=03.

#=9:?1=4?A<=55:= 178:<:4?A<: )=5?3:55J@ ;:54:@ :?7P=?A<0/=A )16<0=53= 3 3?9:053A=0O56/ 431=8H3/, 8:A:16/ ? 7D6?A3=@ L353?A=1?A<6 ;3565?:< *! 16M16F6AJ<6=A 91:=8A F24K=A6 )=5?3:55:>: ;:546, 7A<=1K46=@JE )16<0=53=@. S6A=@ 91:=8A F24K=A6 :F?7K46=A?/ 3 7A<=1K46=A?/ C:?7461?A<=55:E ,7@:E.

' ?::A<=A?A<33 ? S68:5:@ *! :A 28 320/ 1991 >. T 1499-1 «& @=43H35?8:@ ?A16Q:<6533 >16K465 < *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33»1 ?:M465J ;=4=160O5JE 3 A=113A:1360O5J= ;:54J :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/, 916<:<:E F6M:E ;758H3:531:<653/ 8:A:1JQ /<0/2A?/ ?::A<=A?A<72P3= ):0:K=53/, 7A<=1K4=55J= 9:?A65:<0=53/@3 '=1Q:<5:>: %:<=A6 *! :> 24 ;=<160/ 1993 >. T 4543-12, 6 A68K= +?A6<:@ ;=4=160O5:>: ;:546 :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/, 7A<=1K4=55J@ 9:?A65:<0=53=@ )16<3A=0O?A<6 *! :A 29 320/ 1998 >. T 8573.

,=/A=0O5:?AO 56M<655JQ ;:54:< 56916<0=56 56 1=603M6H32 >:?7461?A<=55:E 9:03A383 < :F06?A3 :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/ >16K465 868 ?:?A6<5:E D6?A3 >:?7461?A<=55:>: ?:H360O5:>: ?A16Q:<653/. !=4=160O5JE ;:54 ?:M46=A?/ )16<3A=0O?A<:@ *!, 6 A=113A:1360O5J= ;:54J ?:M462A?/ ?::A<=A?A<=55: 91=4?A6<3A=0O5J@3 3 3?9:053A=0O5J@3 :1>656@3 <06?A3 1=?97F038 < ?:?A6<= *!, 6<A:5:@5:E :F06?A3, 6<A:5:@5:>: :817>6, 816/, :F06?A3, >. L:?8<J 3 %658A-)=A=1F71>6.

%1=4?A<6, 9:?A7962P3= < 4655J= ;:54J, /<0/2A?/ ?:F?A<=55:?AO2 >:?7461?A<6 3 5= <802D62A?/ < ?:?A6< F24K=A:<.

&?5:<5J@ 3?A:D538:@ :F16M:<653/ ;=4=160O5:>: 3 A=113A:1360O5JQ ;:54:< :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/ /<0/2A?/: =435JE ?:H360O5JE 560:> (<M5:?), F24K=A5J= 6??3>5:<653/, 4:Q:4J :A 3?9:0OM:<653/ <1=@=55: ?<:F:45JQ ;3565?:<JQ ?1=4?A<

1 '=4:@:?A3 '=1Q:<5:>: %:<=A6 *! 1991. T 27. %. 920 - *:??3E?86/ >6M=A6. 1993. 28 691 3 %S *!. 1998. T 32

<=&0& 6. UL#V%B1&A ?)?B%F& 26

97

3 5:1@31:<655:>: ?A16Q:<:>: M696?6, 4:F1:<:0O5J= <M5:?J 3 35J= 9:?A790=53/.

&?5:<5J@3 56916<0=53/@3 16?Q:4:<653/ ?1=4?A< 3M ;:54:< :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/ /<0/2A?/: ;3565?31:<653= :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/, 91:<:43@:>: ?A16Q:<J@3 @=43H35?83@3 :1>653M6H3/@3, 91=4:?A6<0=53= 81=43A:< ?A16Q:<P386@, :1>653M6H3/ 9:4>:A:<83 ?9=H3603?A:< 40/ ?3?A=@J :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/, 417>3= @=1:913/A3/.

&?:F:= @=?A: ?1=43 >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:< M653@6=A !:54 ?:H360O5:>: ?A16Q:<653/ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33, ?:M4655JE < ?::A<=A?A<33 ? 9:?A65:<0=53=@ )16<3A=0O?A<6 *! :A 12 ;=<160/ 1994 >. T 101 «& ;:54= ?:H360O5:>: ?A16Q:<653/ *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33»1 ? 9:?0=472P3@3 3M@=5=53/@3 3 4:9:05=53/@3, 40/ ;3565?31:<653/ 16?Q:4:< 9: ?:H360O5:@7 ?A16Q:<6532. "?A:D538:@ :F16M:<653/ ;:546 ?:H360O5:>: ?A16Q:<653/ /<0/2A?/: =435JE ?:H360O5JE 560:> (<M5:?), ?A16Q:<J= <M5:?J 9: 7?A65:<0=55J@ A613;6@ ?:>06?5: M68:57 56 :F/M6A=0O5:= ?A16Q:<653= :A 5=?D6?A5JQ ?07D6=< 56 91:3M<:4?A<= 3 91:;=??3:560O5JQ M6F:0=<653E, 4:Q:4J :A 35<=?A31:<653/ D6?A3 <1=@=55: ?<:F:45JQ ?1=4?A< ;:546 < 038<345J= >:?7461?A<=55J= H=55J= F7@6>3 3 F658:<?83= <8064J, 6??3>5:<653/ 3M ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 56 9:81JA3= 16?Q:4:<, ?</M655JQ ? 91=4:?A6<0=53=@ 0O>:A 03H6@, 9:?A1646<N3@ <?0=4?A<3= D=15:FJ0O?8:E 86A6?A1:;J 303 16436H3:55JQ 6<613E 56 417>3Q 6A:@5JQ :FV=8A6Q, 4:F1:<:0O5J= <M5:?J >16K465 3 21343D=?83Q 03H, 91:D3= 4:Q:4J. $887@7031:<655J= A683@ :F16M:@ ?1=4?A<6 56916<0/2A?/ 56 <J906A7 9:?:F3E 9: <1=@=55:E 5=A174:?9:?:F5:?A3, 9: F=1=@=55:?A3 3 1:46@, 913 1:K4=533 1=F=586, 9: 7Q:47 M6'1=F=58:@ 4: 9:07A:16 0=A; :906A7 97A=<:8 40/ 16F:A538:< 3 3Q 4=A=E < ?656A:15:-871:1A5J= 7D1=K4=53/, 6 A68K= 56 0=D=53=, 93A653=; D6?A3D5:= ?:4=1K653= 56Q:4/P3Q?/ 56 F6065?= ?A16Q:<6A=0=E ?656A:13=<- 91:;3068A:13=<; D6?A3D572 :906A7 97A=<:8 < 4=A?83= M6>:1:45J= :M4:1:<3A=0O5J= 06>=1/; D6?A3D5:= ?:4=1K653= 4=A?8:-25:N=?83Q ?9:1A3<5JQ N8:0 3 35J= H=03 ?:H360O5:>: ?A16Q:<653/.

' ?::A<=A?A<33 ? !=4=160O5J@ M68:5:@ :A 24 325/ 1998 >. T 125-!S «&F :F/M6A=0O5:@ ?:H360O5:@ ?A16Q:<6533 :A 5=?D6?A5JQ ?07D6=< 56 91:3M<:4?A<= 3 91:;=??3:560O5JQ M6F:0=<653E»2 91=47?@:A1=5: 16?Q:4:<653= ?1=4?A< !:546 868 ?A16Q:<P386 3 56 56M<655J= H=03.

M"1B$"=C1>% 0"G$"?>:

1.W=@ :91=4=0/=A?/ F24K=A5:= 7?A1:E?A<: ?A165J?

2. #6M:<3A= <6K5=EN3= 9135H39J F24K=A5:E ?3?A=@J ;3.

*:??3E?86/ >6M=A6. 1994. T 35. 2%S *! 1998. T31.

98 2&J#%= III. !$&0"0"* $%V)F @"1#"0 #%1%V1>H ?$%#?B0

3.,6EA= :91=4=0=53= F24K=A5:E 806??3;386H33 3 56M:<3A= == ?:?A6<.

4.-683= <34J 4:Q:4:< ?:?A6<0/2A 4:Q:4J ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6?

5.-683= <34J 4:Q:4:< ?:?A6<0/2A 4:Q:4J F24K=A:< ?7FV=8A:< !=4=16H33?

6.S6 ?D=A 8683Q 4:Q:4:< ;:1@3172A?/ @=?A5J= F24K=AJ?

7. WA: :M56D62A 9:5/A3/: «4:A6H3/», «?7F<=5H3/», «?7F?343/», «A165?;=1A»?

8.W=@ Q6168A=13M72A?/ F24K=A56/ ??746 3 F24K=A5JE 81=43A?

9.L:>7A 03 91=4?A6<0/AO?/ 3M F24K=A:< ?7F?3433 3 ?7F<=5H33 21343D=?83@ 03H6@, :?5:<655J@ 56 D6?A5:E ?:F?A<=55:?A3, 6 A68K= >16K4656@-91=491353@6A=0/@?

10.-683= 16?Q:4J ;3565?3172A?/ 3?802D3A=0O5: 3M ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6?

". #6M:<3A= 9135H39J @=KF24K=A5JQ :A5:N=53E.

12.#6M:<3A= 3?A:D5383 :F16M:<653/ >:?7461?A<=55:>: )=5?3:55:>: ;:546 *!, 6 A68K= =>: M646D3.

13.-68:<J M646D3 <5=F24K=A5:>: ;:546 ?:H360O5:>: ?A16Q:<653/ *!?

14.-68:<6 916<:<6/ :?5:<6 ?:M4653/ !=4=160O5:>: ;:546 :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/?

X ft '1

<=&0& 7. UL#V%B1>* G$"(%??

§ 1. !"1AB)% IL#V%B1"D" G$"(%??& ) %D" G$)1()G>

#:1@J F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6 91=493?J<62A 916<306, 9:1/4:8 913@=5=53/ 5:1@ @6A=1360O5:>: F24K=A5:>: 916<6. ' 53Q 1=>06@=5A31:<65 <=?O H380 ;:1@31:<653/ F24K=A6 :A @:@=5A6 =>: ?:- ?A6<0=53/ 4: @:@=5A6 7A<=1K4=53/ :AD=A6 :F =>: 3?9:05=533, 9:1/4:8 3 9:?0=4:<6A=0O5:?AO <?A790=53/ < F24K=A5J= 916<::A5:N=53/ 16M03D5JQ ?7FV=8A:< — 7D6?A538:< RA3Q 916<::A5:N=53E 56 16M5JQ ?A643/Q F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6.

)1:H=??760O5J= 5:1@J F24K=A5:>: 916<6, ?A1:>:= 3Q ?:F024=53= /<0/2A?/ >6165A3=E M68:55:?A3 913@=5=53/ @6A=1360O5JQ 5:1@ F24K=A5:>: 916<6, A.=. >6165A3=E 916<30O5:?A3 3 ?<:=<1=@=5- 5:?A3 9:?A790=53/ < F24K=A 4:Q:4:< 3 M68:55:?A3 3 ?<:=<1=@=55:?A3 3Q 16?Q:4:<653/.

@LA<1#,&N 9%$B1?? — %1I5-E1,#6%$"-,,-: 9%$B1??+-5H,&E6 ,$%E-E6 *LA<1#,$I$ 9%-"- A1:#15H,$?#H I$?+A-%?#"- 9$ ?$?#-"51,6L, %-??E$#%1,6L 6 +#"1%<A1,6L *LA<1#-, 1I$ 6?9$5,1,6L 6 C-=5L01,6L, - #-=<1 ?$?#-"51,6L, %-??E$#%1,6L 6 +#"1%<A1,6L $#01#- $*

6?9$5,1,66 *LA<1#-1. ' ?A. 6 .- ;3 46=A?/ 5=?8:0O8: 417>:= :91=4=0=53= F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6, A6@ 5= <J4=0=56 ?A643/ ?:?A6<0=53/ 3 7A<=1K4=53/ :AD=A6 :F 3?9:05=533 F24K=A6. #6@ 86K=A?/, DA: RA: 5= ?:<?=@ <=15:, A68 868 3@=55: :AD=A :F 3?9:05=533 F24K=A6 /<0/=A?/ :F16A5:E ?</MO2 < F24K=A5:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3 >:?7461?A<6 3 4=06=A RA7 4=/A=0O5:?AO «91:M16D5:E»2.

,=/A=0O5:?AO >:?7461?A<6 :A 56D606 ?:?A6<0=53/ >:?7461?A<=55:>: F24K=A6 4: 7A<=1K4=53/ :AD=A6 : =>: 3?9:05=533 403A?/ :8:0: A1=Q ? 9:0:<35:E 0=A, 3 RA:A ?1:8 56MJ<6=A?/ />7K&+';. 8)5:".. '=?O F24K=A5JE H380 4=03A?/ 56 ?A6433 F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6: ?A6433 ?:?A6<0=53/, 16??@:A1=53/, 7A<=1K4=53/ F24K=A6, ?A643/ 3?9:05=53/ 3 M6802D=53/ F24K=A6 3 ?A643/ ?:?A6<0=53/ 3 7A<=1K4=53/ :AD=A6 :F 3?9:05=533 F24K=A6, 8:A:1J= 9=13:43D=?83 ?@=5/2A :456 417>72. %6@ F24K=A 4=E?A<7=A < A=D=53= :45:>: >:46 ? 1 /5<61/ 9: 31 4=86F1/. !3565?:<JE (F24K=A5JE) >:4 56 A=113A:133 *! 403A?/ 12 @=?/H=< (?A. 211, 264 .- *!). ' ?::A<=A?A<33 ?: ?A. 242 .- *! ;3565?:<JE >:4 M6<=1N6=A?/ 31 4=86F1/. X3@3AJ F24K=A5JQ :F/M6A=0O?A< 91=816P62A ?<:= 4=E?A<3= 31 4=86F1/. )135/A3= 4=5=K5JQ :F/M6A=0O?A< 9:?0= 25 4=86F1/ 5= 4:- 97?86=A?/. ):4A<=1K4=53= 4=5=K5JQ :F/M6A=0O?A< 4:0K5: FJAO M6-

!:1@7031:<86 86?6=A?/ F24K=A:< <?=Q 71:<5=E, <Q:4/P3Q < F24K=A572 ?3?A=@7 *!

2 ':91:? : 9:4>:A:<8= :AD=A6 :F 3?9:05=533 F24K=A6 1=!70317=A?/ ?A 271, 272, 273, 8:A:1J= :A5=?=5J 8 16M4=07 IX «C:?7461?A<=55JE 3 @753H3960O5JE !3565?:<JE 8:5A1:0O» (>0 26), 6 786M655J= <:91:?J 16??@:A1=5J < >0 27 RA:>: 16M4=06

100 2&J#%= III. !$&0"0"* $%V)F @"1#"0 #%1%V1>H ?$%#?B0_____

<=1=5: :1>65:@, 3?9:05/2P3@ F24K=A, 28 4=86F1/. %D=A6, 3?9:0OM7=@J= 40/ 3?9:05=53/ F24K=A6 M6<=1N6=@:>: >:46, 9:40=K6A M681JA32 < 24 D6?6 31 4=86F1/.

%1=4?A<6, 9:07D=55J= F24K=A5J@3 7D1=K4=53/@3 :A 91=491353@6A=0O?8:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3 3 5= 3?9:0OM:<655J= 9: ?:?A:/532 56 31 4=86F1/, M6D3?0/2A?/ < A=Q K= ?7@@6Q 56 <5:<O :A81J<6=@J= ?:- :A<=A?A<72P3@ F24K=A5J@ 7D1=K4=53=@ 03H=<J= ?D=A6.

%A6433 F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6 ?0=472A ?A1:>: 9:?0=4:<6A=0O5:, 3 RA:A 9:1/4:8 3M@=5=532 5= 9:40=K3A. ' A: K= <1=@/ 86K4JE 16M 16F:A6 ? 5:<J@ F24K=A:@ 56D356=A?/ ?5:<6, A68 868 =K=>:45: 3M- @=5/=A?/ :FV=@ 56H3:560O5:>: 4:Q:46 >:?7461?A<6, 9:-16M5:@7 9=1=16?91=4=0/2A?/ >:?7461?A<=55J= ?1=4?A<6 < M6<3?3@:?A3 :A M646D, 1=N6=@JQ >:?7461?A<:@ < 4655JE 9=13:4.

(K=>:45: 3M@=5/2A?/ 9:A1=F5:?A3 86K4:E 1=?97F0383, :F06?A3 3 417>3Q ?7FV=8A:< *!, :1>65:< @=?A5:>: ?6@:7916<0=53/ < 4=5=K5JQ ?1=4?A<6Q: :A RA:>: M6<3?3A, 868 F74=A 16M<3<6AO?/ Q:M/E?A<: 3 ?:H360O56/ ?;=16 4655:E A=113A:133 < ?0=472P=@ >:47.

&4568: 9:1/4:8, 91=49:06>62P3E 9:?0=4:<6A=0O5:?AO ?A643E ?:?A6<0=53/, 16??@:A1=53/, 7A<=1K4=53/ F24K=A6, 3?9:05=53/ F24K=A6, ?:?A6<0=53/, 16??@:A1=53/ 3 7A<=1K4=53/ :AD=A6 :F 3?- 9:05=533 F24K=A6, :?A6=A?/ 5=3M@=55J@.

#6 86K4:E ?A6433 F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6 1=N62A?/ <:91:?J, 8:A:1J= 5= @:>7A FJAO 1=N=5J < 417>:= <1=@/. I68, <:91:?J F24K=A5:>: 1=>7031:<653/ M6 ?D=A 91:H=5A5JQ :AD3?0=53E :A ;=4=160O5JQ 3 1=>3:560O5JQ 560:>:<, 6 A68K= <:91:?J ;3565?:<:E 9:44=1K83 A=113A:13E, 16?91=4=0=53/ 4:A6H3E 3 ?7F<=5H3E A=113A:13/@ 1=N62A?/ < @:@=5A ?:?A6<0=53/ F24K=A6. &8:5D6A=0O5: 91:H=5A5J= :A- D3?0=53/ :A 1=>703172P3Q 3?A:D538:< 40/ 53K=?A:/P3Q A=113A:13E 3 <:91:?J ;3565?:<:E 9:44=1K83, 4:A6H3E 3 ?7F<=5H3E 7A<=1K462A?/ <JN=?A:/P3@3 91=4?A6<3A=0O5J@3 :1>656@3 < @:@=5A 7A<=1K4=53/ <JN=?A:/P=>: F24K=A6. GA3@ 56 ?A6433 9135/A3/ M68:56 : F24K=A= 4:?A3>6=A?/ ?F6065?31:<655:?AO 9:86M6A=0=E F24K=A6.

':91:?J :A81JA3/ F24K=A5JQ 6??3>5:<653E 1=N62A?/ ;3565?:<J@3 :1>656@3 3 F658:@ A:0O8: 9:?0= 7A<=1K4=53/ ?::A<=A?A<72P=>: F24K=A6 3 A.4.

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

<=&0& 7. UL#V%B1>*

101

5:?AO; 4:?A:<=15:?AO F24K=A6, 641=?5:?AO 3 Y=0=<:E Q6168A=1 F24K=A5JQ ?1=4?A< (?A. 28 .- *!).

F F

#=A ?:@5=53/, DA: <?= RA3 9135H39J < A:E 303 35:E @=1= 913?7N3 3 F24K=A5:@7 91:H=??7. &4568:

5=8:A:1J= 3M 53Q 3@=2A < F24K=A5:@ 91:H=??= ?<:2 35A=191=A6H32, 81:@= A:>: F24K=A 5:@7 91:H=??7 913?7P3 A68K= ?<:3 :?:F=55J= 9135H39J I68 <:-9=1<JQ, < :?5:<= F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6 0=K3A

#,)'8)# #"*:&7"-0+&:?'"*+) -*+$#:&')2 - />7K&+'$> 7&2+&:P'0*+? ",F0'"- )*#":')+&:?'"4 )

#,&7*+0-)+&:?'"4 -:0*+), >4= 91:=8A F24K=A6 :F/M6A=0O5: ?:?A6<0/2A 3?9:053A=0O5J= :1>65J, M68:5 303 1=N=53= : F24" K=A= 91353@62A?/ 91=4?A6<3A=0O5J@ :1>65:@, 6 3?9:05/2A F24K=AJ <?=Q 71:<5=E :1>65J 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3

&D=5O <6K=5 #,)'8)# &K&F"7'"*+) />7K&%0 8:A:1JE <802D6=A < ?=F/ A68:= <6K5:= :?5:<:9:06>62P== 916<30: 868 :F/M6A=0O5:= 9135/A3= F24K=A6 4: 56D606 9065317=@:>: >:46. 'J9:05=53= 3@=55: RA:>: 916<306 4=06=A F24K=A572 ,=/A=0O5:?AO F:0== «91:M16D5:E» 3 :F=?9=D3<6=A F:0== R;;=8A3<572 ':M@:K5:?AO :?7P=?A<0/AO F24K=A5JE 8:5A1:0O M6 <?=@3 9:A:86@3 F24K=A5JQ ?1=4?A< -1:@= A:>:, =K=>:45:?AO 46=A <:M@:K5:?AO F:0== A:D5: <J/<3AO A=54=5H33 1J5:D5:>: 16M<3A3/, F:0== 9:05: 7D=?AO 91:3?Q:4/P3= 3M@=5=53/ < A=@96Q 1:?A6 91:3M<:4?A<6,

<57A1=55=>: <60:<:>: 9::_ 478A6, 56H3:560O5:>: 4:Q:46, 871?6 17F0/ 3 A.4

&?:F:= <53@653= < F24K=A5:@ 91:H=??= M6?07K3<6=A #,)'8)# #$/:)9'"*+) ) F:0*'"*+), 8:A:1J= 40/ F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6 91=49:06>62A, DA: 91:=8A F24K=A6 4: =>: 9135/A3/ N31:8: :F?7K46=A?/ 868

91=4?A6<3A=0O5J@3 :1>656@3, A68 3 :FP=?A3=55:?AO2 9135/AJE F24K=A :F/M6A=0O5: 97F0387=A?/ < 9=D6A3. [31&-&= :F?7K4=53= 91:=8A:< F24K=A:<, 3Q :F/M6A=0O5:= :97F038:<653= 9:?0= 9135/A3/ 6

A68K= :AD=A5:?AO 3?9:053A=0O5JQ :1>65:< <06?A3 9=1=4 91=4?A6<3A=0O5J@3 :1>656@3 <06?A3 :F 3?9:05=533 &^)-]/*I] TQI^P F-™™-™

4

<_,

'^'E50.^ 1 a la lvrts.C ^JI + R- 1

:F=?9=D=532 «91:M16D5:?A3» F24K=A5:E ,=/A=0O5:?A3 < >:?7461?A<= 3 A683@ :F16M:@ 9:@:>62A 3?9:053AO F24K=A 1=60O5: 3 ? 563@=5ON3@3 9:A=1/@3. C06?5J@ 4:0K5: FJAO 3 :A80:5=53= F24K=A6 ' ?07D6= 9135/A3/ 1=N=53/ :F :A80:5=533 91:=8A6 F24K=A6 303 : 5=7A<=1K4=533 :AD=A:< :F 3?9:05=533 F24K=A:< < ?1=4?A<6Q @6??:<:E 35;:1@6H33 4:0K5J FJAO :97F038:<65J 5=:FQ:43@J= ?<=4=53/ : 913D356Q 9135/A3/ A68:>: 1=N=53/

,:0K5J 97F038:<6AO?/ < 9=D6A3 3 1=N=53/ 91=4?A6<3A=0O5JQ :1>65:< 9: F24K=A7.

&1>65J 91=4?A6<3A=0O5:E 3 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3 A68K= 9:?A:/55: :AD3AJ<62A?/ 9=1=4 N31:8:E :FP=?A<=55:?AO2 : Q:4= 3?9:05=53/ F24K=A6.

'6K5J@ 40/ F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6 :?A6=A?/ #,)'8)# *#&8)0:)108)) />7K&+';= #"5010+&:&4, 8:A:1JE ?:?A:3A < A:@ DA: < :?5:<= 3 ?:?A6<0=53/, 3 3?9:05=53/ F24K=A6 0=K3A F24K=A56/ 806??3;386H3/1, 91=49:06>62P6/ >179931:<87 <?=Q ,:Q:4:< F24K=A:< <?=Q

'%@.: !=4=160O5JE M68:5 :A 15 6<>7A?6 1996 >. LO Y5_;M «& F24K=A5:E -06??3;386H33 *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33» // %S *!. 200:. T 32 %A 3338- T 33

102 2&J#%= III. !$&0"0"* $%V)F @"1#"0 #%1%V1>H ?$%#?B0_____

71:<5=E 9: 3?A:D5387 <:M5385:<=53/, 6 16?Q:4:< — 9: H=0=<:@7 56M56D=532, 9: 56916<0=53/@ 4=/A=0O5:?A3.

' ?:?A6< F24K=A5:E 806??3;386H33 *! <Q:4/A:

806??3;386H3/ 4:Q:4:< F24K=A:< *!;

;758H3:560O56/ 806??3;386H3/ 16?Q:4:< F24K=A:< *!;

R8:5:@3D=?86/ 806??3;386H3/ 16?Q:4:< F24K=A:< *!;

806??3;386H3/ 3?A:D538:< <57A1=55=>: ;3565?31:<653/ 4=;3H3A:< F24K=A:< *!;

806??3;386H3/ 3?A:D538:< <5=N5=>: ;3565?31:<653/ 4=;3H3A:< ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 3 F24K=A:< ?7FV=8A:< *!;

806??3;386H3/ <34:< >:?7461?A<=55JQ <57A1=553Q 4:0>:< *! 3 ?7FV=8A:< *!, <34:< @753H3960O5:>: 4:0>6;

806??3;386H3/ <34:< >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=N53Q 4:0>:< *! 3 ?7FV=8A:< *!, 6 A68K= >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=N53Q 68A3<:< *!;

<=4:@?A<=556/ 806??3;386H3/ 16?Q:4:< *!.

)135H39 ?9=H3603M6H33 9:86M6A=0=E F24K=A6 :?7P=?A<0/=A?/ 56 <?=Q ?A643/Q F24K=A5:>: 91:H=??6.

.24K=A56/ 806??3;386H3/ — ?9=H360O5JE 21343D=?83E 68A, 0=K6P3E < :?5:<= <?=E F24K=A5:E 4=/A=0O5:?A3 ;3565?:<JQ :1>65:<. %0=47=A 3@=AO < <347, DA: F24K=A56/ 806??3;386H3/ 3@==A M56D=53= 5= A:0O8: 40/ 91:H=??760O5JQ 5:1@ F24K=A5:>: 916<6, 5: 3 0=K3A < :?5:<= @6A=1360O5JQ 5:1@ F24K=A5:>: 916<6.

§ 2. 7B)A ?"?B&0=%1)A G$"%'B& IL#V%B&

GA6 ?A643/ 56D356=A?/ ? 9:?0653/ )1=M34=5A6 *! !=4=160O5:@7 %:F16532, 8:A:1:= < ?::A<=A?A<33 ?

.24K=A5J@ 8:4=8?:@ *! 4:0K5: 9:?A793AO < !=4=160O5:= %:F1653= 5= 9:M45== @61A6 >:46, 91=4N=?A<72P=>: :D=1=45:@7 ;3565?:<:@7 >:47 (?A. 170 .- *!). .24K=A5:= 9:?0653= )1=M34=5A6 *! 56 2002 >. FJ0: :97F038:<65: < «*:??3E?8:E >6M=A=» 24 691=0/ 2001 >. 3 ?:?A:/0: 3M ?0=472P3Q 16M4=0:<:

1.&?5:<5J= 3A:>3 F24K=A5:E 9:03A383 < 2000 — 56D60= 2001 >

2.&?5:<5J= M646D3 F24K=A5:E 9:03A383 < 2002 >.

3.)=1<::D=1=45J= M646D3 F24K=A5:E 9:03A383 < :F06?A3 4:Q:4:<.

4.)=1<::D=1=45J= M646D3 F24K=A5:E 9:03A383 < :F06?A3 16?Q:4:<.

5.):03A386 < :F06?A3 @=KF24K=A5JQ :A5:N=53E.

6.):03A386 < :F06?A3 7916<0=53/ >:?7461?A<=55J@ 4:0>:@. '

7.%:<=1N=5?A<:<653= -6M56D=E?83Q A=Q5:0:>3E.

8.%:<=1N=5?A<:<653= 7916<0=53/ >:?7461?A<=55J@3 ;3565?6@3. S6A=@ ?:?A6<0=53=@ F24K=A6 M653@6=A?/ )16<3A=0O?A<: *!

3 ?::A<=A?A<72P3= :1>65J 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3 ?7FV=8A:< *! 3 :1>65:< @=?A5:>: ?6@:7916<0=53/. %:?A6<0=53= F24K=A6 :?5:<J<6=A?/ 56: .24K=A5:@ 9:?06533 )1=M34=5A6 *!; 91:>5:M= ?:H360O5:- R8:5:@3D=?8:>: 16M<3A3/ ?::A<=A?A<72P=E A=113A:133 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4; :?5:<-

<=&0& 7. UL#V%B1>* G$"(%??

103

5JQ 56916<0=53/Q F24K=A5:E 3 560:>:<:E 9:03A383 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4; 91:>5:M= ?<:45:>: ;3565?:<:>: F6065?6 9: ?::A<=A?A<72P=E A=113A:133; 9065= 16M<3A3/ >:?7461?A<=55:>: 303 @7- 53H3960O5:>: ?=8A:16 R8:5:@383 ?::A<=A?A<72P=E A=113A:133 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4 (9. 3 ?A. 172). ):1/4:8 3 ?1:83 ?:?A6<0=53/ 91:=8A6 ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6, 6 A68K= 9:1/4:8 16F:AJ 564 4:87@=5A6@3 3 @6A=13606@3, :F/M6A=0O5J@3 40/ 91=4?A6<0=53/ :45:<1=@=55: ? 91:=8A:@ ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6, :91=4=0/2A?/ )16<3A=0O?A<:@ *! (D. 3 9. 1 ?A. 184 .- *!).

'?2 9168A3D=?872 16F:A7 9: ?:?A6<0=532 91:=8A6 ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 :?7P=?A<0/=A L353?A=1?A<: ;3565?:< *!.

)16<3A=0O?A<: *! M6 10 @=?/H=< 4: 56D606 ;3565?:<:>: >:46 :1>653M7=A 16F:A7 9: ?:?A6<0=532 F24K=A6: 4:<=4=532 4: 91=4?A6<3A=0O5JQ 3 3?9:053A=0O5JQ :1>65:< ?7FV=8A:< !=4=16H33 35?A- 178A3<5:>: 93?O@6 :F :?:F=55:?A/Q ?:?A6<0=53/ 16?D=A:< 8 91:=8A6@ F24K=A:< 56 ?0=472P3E ;3565?:<JE >:4, < A:@ D3?0= : H=5A1603M:<655: 7?A65:<0=55JQ ?:H360O5JQ 3 ;3565?:<JQ 5:1@6Q 3 5:1@6A3<6Q 3 3Q 3M@=5=53/Q.

"?9:053A=0O5J= :1>65J <06?A3 <?=Q 71:<5=E 3?Q:4/ 3M 5=:FQ:43@:?A3 7A<=1K4=53/ F24K=A:< 4: 56D606 ;3565?:<:>: >:46 4:<:4/A 4: 91=4?A6<3A=0O5JQ 3 3?9:053A=0O5JQ :1>65:< 53K=?A:/P=>: 71:<5/ ?::A<=A?A<72P3= 786M653/ 9: 16M16F:A8= 91:=8A:< F24K=A:<.

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

*6M16F:A86 3 ?:>06?:<653= ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4 M6<=1N62A?/ 5= 9:M45== 15 320/ >:46, 91=4N=?A<72P=>: :D=1=45:@7 ;3565?:<:@7 >:47 (?@. D. 2 9. 8. ?A. 184 .- *!). ,0/ F:0== 9:05:>: 7D=A6 <?=Q ;3565?:<JQ 1=?71?:< 3?9:053A=0O5J= :1>65J <06?A3 86K4:E A=113A:133 <916<= ?:?A6<3AO A=113A:1360O5JE ?<:45JE ;3565?:<JE F6065? 4:Q:4:< 3 16?Q:4:< ?7FV=8A:< !=4=16H33 3 @=?A5:>: ?6@:7916<0=53/.

)1=4913/A3/, 7D1=K4=53/ 3 :1>653M6H33 <?=Q ;:1@ ?:F?A<=55:?A3, 16?9:0:K=55J= 56 ?::A<=A?A<72P3Q A=113A:13/Q, <802D6/ 560:>:<J= ?07KFJ 3 :1>65J ?A6A3?A383, :F/M65J F=M<:M@=M45:

104 2&J#%= III. !$&0"0"* $%V)F @"1#"0 #%1%V1>H ?$%#?B0______

91=4?A6<0/AO 3?9:053A=0O5J@ :1>656@ <06?A3 <?= ?<=4=53/, 5=:FQ:43@J= 40/ ?:?A6<0=53/ RA3Q F6065?:<.

):?0= 91=4?A6<0=53/ 53K=?A:/P3@3 ?7FV=8A6@3 !=4=16H33 91=40:K=53E < <JN=?A:/P3= :1>65J 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3, 16?D=A:< 9: 16?91=4=0=532 4:Q:4:< 3 16?Q:4:< F24K=A:< 16M5JQ 71:<5=E )16<3A=0O?A<: *:??3E?8:E !=4=16H33 5= 9:M45== D=@ M6 D=AJ1= ? 9:0:<35:E @=?/H6 4: 56D606 ;3565?:<:>: >:46 4:<:43A 4: <?=Q 91=4?A6<3A=0O5JQ 3 3?9:053A=0O5JQ :1>65:< ?7FV=8A:< *! ?0=- 472P3= 4655J=: 91:=8A317=@J= 5:1@6A3<J (91:H=5AJ) :AD3?0=53E :A 1=>703172P3Q 4:Q:4:< ? 7D=A:@ 8:5A35>=5A:< RA3Q 4:Q:4:<, 9:?A7962P3Q 56 4655:E A=113A:133; 4655J= : 4:A6H3/Q, ?7F<=5H3/Q 3 A165?;=1A6Q, 56D3?0/=@JQ 8 91=4:?A6<0=532 3M <JN=?A:/P3Q F24K=A:< 53K=?A:/P3@ F24K=A6@, 3 3Q H=0=<:= 56M56D=53=; 9=1=D=5O M681=90=55JQ < 9:05:@ :FV=@= 3 ;38?31:<655JQ 4:0=E (< 91:H=5A6Q) 4:Q:4:< M6 F24K=A6@3 <?=Q 56H3:560O5:->:?7461?A<=55JQ 3 64@353?A16A3<5:-A=113A:1360O5JQ :F16M:<653E.

' ?07D6= <:M5385:<=53/ 16M5:>06?3E 9: 91:=8A7 F24K=A6 < 91:H=??= =>: 9:4>:A:<83 3 ?:?A6<0=53/ 3?9:053A=0O5J= :1>65J <06?A3 @:>7A <5:?3AO < <JN=?A:/P3= :1>65J ?<:3 91=40:K=53/ 9: 3M@=5=532 3 7A:D5=532 91:=8A317=@JQ <JN=?A:/P3@ :1>65:@ <06?A3 9:86M6A=0=E. *6??@:A1=53= RA3Q 91=40:K=53E 9=1<:56D60O5: 91:3M<:43A?/ < ?::A<=A?A<72P=@ <JN=?A:/P=@ 3?9:053A=0O5:@ :1>65= <06?A3. ' ?07D6= :A80:5=53/ 91=40:K=53/ 9:05:?AO2 303 D6?A3D5: RA:A

<JN=?A:/P3E :1>65 3?9:053A=0O5:E <06?A3 :F/M65 ?:<@=?A5: ? 53K=?A:/P3@ M635A=1=?:<655J@ :1>65:@ ?:?A6<3AO 91:A:8:0 :F 3@=2P3Q?/ 16M5:>06?3/Q < ?1:83, 7?A65:<0=55J= ?::A<=A?A<72P3@ <JN=?A:/P3@ 91=4?A6<3A=0O5J@ :1>65:@ <06?A3.

,0/ 16??@:A1=53/ <:M53862P3Q 16M5:>06?3E 91=4?A6<3A=0O5J= :1>65J <06?A3 56 9613A=A5JQ 56D606Q :F16M72A ?:>06?3A=0O572 8:@3??32. *=M70OA6AJ 16F:AJ ?:>06?3A=0O5:E 8:@3??33 4:0K5J FJAO 4:<=4=5J 4: ?<=4=53/ ?::A<=A?A<72P3Q 53K=?A:/P3Q 3 <JN=?A:/P=>: 91=4?A6<3A=0O5JQ :1>65:< <06?A3 < 7?A65:<0=55J= ?1:83. &8:5D6A=0O5:= 1=N=53= 91353@6=A?/ ?::A<=A?A<72P3@ <JN=?A:/P3@ :1>65:@ 91=4?A6<3A=0O5:E <06?A3.

§ 3. 7B)A $&??F"B$%1)A ) EB0%$V#%1)A IL#V%B&

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— -:@3A=A %:<=A6 !=4=16H33 9: F24K=A7, ;3565?:<:@7, <602A5:@7 3 81=43A5:@7 1=>7031:<6532. GA3 8:@3A=AJ 8:11=?9:543172A 91=40:K=53/ 9: F24K=A7

<=&0& 7. UL#V%B1>* G$"(%??

105

417>3Q 8:@3A=A:< 3 8:@3??3E 9606A %:<=A6 !=4=16H33 3 C:?7461?A<=55:E ,7@J 3 8:5A68A3172A 9: <:91:?6@ F24K=A6 @=K47 ?:F:E.

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

.24K=A5J@ -:4=8?:@ *! 91=47?@6A13<6=A?/, DA: C:?7461?A<=556/ ,7@6 16??@6A13<6=A 91:=8A M68:56 «& ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A=». I68:= <53@653= 91=4?A6<3A=0O5:>: :1>656 >:?7461?A<=55:E <06?A3 8 16??@:A1=532 91:=8A6 M68:56 : F24K=A= Q6168A=15: 40/ <?=Q 4=@:816A3D=?83Q >:?7461?A<.

)16<3A=0O?A<: *! 91=4?A6<0/=A C:?7461?A<=55:E ,7@= 91:=8A ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56 : ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A=2. - 5=@7 91306>6=A?/ 1/4 4:87@=5A:< 3 @6A=1360:<, A683Q, 868: 91=4<613A=0O5J= 3A:>3 ?:H360O5:-R8:5:@3D=?8:>: 16M<3A3/ *!, 91:>5:M ?:H360O5:-R8:- 5:@3D=?8:>: 16M<3A3/ *! 56 ?0=472P3E >:4; :?5:<5J= 56916<0=53/ F24K=A5:E 3 560:>:<:E 9:03A383 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4; 9065 16M<3A3/ >:?7461?A<=55:>: 3 @753H3960O5:>: ?=8A:16 R8:5:@383; 91:>5:M ?<:45:>: ;3565?:<:>: F6065?6 56 A=113A:133 *! (56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4); :?5:<5J= 9135H39J 3 Q6168A=13?A383 <M63@::A5:N=53E ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 ? F24K=A6@3 • ?7FV=8A:< *!; 91:>5:M 8:5?:03431:<655:>: F24K=A6 *! 56 ?0=472P3E >:4; ;=4=160O5J= H=0=<J= 91:>16@@J 9: 16M<3A32 1=>3:5:<, 91=47?@:A1=55J= 8 ;3565?31:<6532 M6 ?D=A ?1=4?A< ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6; 91:=8A 641=?5:E 35<=?A3H3:55:E 91:>16@@J 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4; 91:=8A 91:>16@@J 913<6A3M6H33 >:?7461?A<=55JQ 3 @753H3960O5JQ 91=4913/A3E; 16?D=AJ 9: ?A6AO/@ 806??3;386H33 4:Q:4:< 3 16?Q:4:< ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6; @=K47561:45J= 4:>:<:1J : >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=N53Q M63@?A<:<653/Q 3 >:?7461?A<=55JQ 81=43A6Q; 91:=8A 91:>16@@J >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=N53Q M63@?A<:<653E *! 3 91=4:?A6<0=533 >:?7461?A<=55JQ 81=43A:< *! 35:?A1655J@ >:?7461?A<6@ 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4; 91:=8A ?A178A71J >:?7461?A<=55:>: <5=N5=>: 4:0>6 *!; 91:=8A ?A178A71J >:?7461?A<=55:>: <57A1=55=>: 4:0>6 *! 3 91:=8A 91:>16@@J <57A1=553Q M63@?A<:<653E, 91=47?@:A1=55JQ 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4 40/ 9:81JA3/ 4=;3H3A6 ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6, 3 A.4. (9. 1 ?A. 192 .- *!).

1%@., 56913@=1: !=4=160O5JE M68:5 :A 10 320/ 1996 >. T 95-!S «& 9:1/48= <5=?=53/, 16??@:A1=53/ 3 9135/A3/ !=4=160O5:>: M68:56 «& ;=4=16DO5:@ F24K=A= 56 1997 >.»//%S *!. 1996. T 28. %A. 3454.

2' ?A. 192 .- *! M681=90=5:, DA: 91:=8A ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56 : ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 :D=1=45:E ;3565?:<JE >:4 <5:?3A?/ 5= 9:M45== 15 6<>7?A6 A=87P=>: >:46.

1062&J#%= III. !$&0"0"* $%V)F @"1#"0 #%1%V1>H ?$%#?B0_____

)13 5=:FQ:43@:?A3 <5=?=53/ 3M@=5=53E 3 4:9:05=53E < M68:5:46A=0O5J= 68AJ 9: 560:>6@

)16<3A=0O?A<: *! 91=4?A6<0/=A < C:?7461?A<=5572 ,7@7 91:=8AJ ?::A<=A?A<72P3Q ;=4=160O5JQ M68:5:<.

*6?Q:4J < 91:=8A= ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56 : F24K=A= 91=4?A6<0/2A?/ < 16M1=M= ;758H3:560O5:E 3 <=4:@?A<=55:E F24K=A5:E 806??3;386H33 ? 16?N3;1:<8:E H=0=<JQ ?A6A=E 3 <34:< 16?Q:4:<.

)16<3A=0O?A<: *! 91=4?A6<0/=A C:?7461?A<=55:E ,7@= 91:=8AJ F24K=A:< >:?7461?A<=55JQ <5=F24K=A5JQ ;:54:<: )=5?3:55:>: ;:546 *!; !:546 ?:H360O5:>: ?A16Q:<653/ *!; !=4=160O5:>: ;:546 :F/M6A=0O5:>: @=43H35?8:>: ?A16Q:<653/'.

Y=5A160O5JE F658 *! 91=4?A6<0/=A C:?7461?A<=55:E ,7@= ?:>06?:<655JE ? )16<3A=0O?A<:@ *! 91:=8A :?5:<5JQ 56916<0=53E 4=5=K5:-81=43A5:E 9:03A383 56 ?0=472P3E >:4.

,: 16??@:A1=53/ 91:=8A6 ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56 : F24K=A= < 9=1<:@ DA=533 8:@3A=AJ 3 8:@3??33 C:?47@J 91=4?A6<0/2A < -:@3A=A C:?47@J 9: F24K=A7, 560:>6@, F6586@ 3 ;3565?6@ M6802D=53/ 9: 4655:@7 M68:5:91:=8A7, 56 :?5:<6533 8:A:1JQ 786M655JE 8:@3A=A >:A:<3A M6802D=53= 9: 91:=8A7 F24K=A6 3 91=4?A6<0/=A =>: 56 16??@:A1=53= C:?47@J.

)13 16??@:A1=533 C:?47@:E 91:=8A6 S68:56 *! : !=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= ;3 " 91%"$E 0#1,66 )$?A+E- $*?+<A-1# 1I$ =$,B19B6L 3 91:>5:M ?:H360O5:-R8:5:@3D=?8:>: 16M<3A3/ *! 56 ?0=472P3E >:4 —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

)13 :A80:5=533 91:=8A6 ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56 : F24K=A= < 9=1<:@ DA=533 C:?47@6 @:K=A 9=1=46AO M68:5:91:=8A < ?:>06?3A=0O572 8:@3??32 9: 7A:D5=532 :?5:<5JQ 9:86M6A=0=E 91:=8A6 F24K=A6; <=157AO M68:5:91:=8A < )16<3A=0O?A<: *! 56 4:16F:A87; 9:?A6<3AO <:91:? : 4:<=133 )16<3A=0O?A<7 (D. 4 ?A. 202 .- *!). ' ?07D6= 9=1=46D3 91:=8A6 F24K=A6 *! < ?:>06?3A=0O572 8:@3??32, 8:A:16/ ?:?A:3A 3M 91=4?A6<3A=0=E C:?47@J, %:<=A6 !=4=16H33 3 )16<3A=0O?A<6 *!, :A<=A?A<=55JQ M6 16??@:A1=53= F24K=A6 < 9=1<:@ DA=533, :56 16M16F6AJ<6=A ?:>06?:<655JE <61365A :?5:<5JQ Q6168A=13?A38 ;=4=160O5:>: F24K=A6 56 ?0=472P3E >:4

)16<:<:= 9:0:K=53= RA3Q ;:54:< 56N0: M681=90=53= < ?A. 13 3 >0. 17 .- *!, < D6?A5:?A3 < ?A. 144 (? 3M@=5=53/@3 3 4:9:05=53/@3).

<=&0& 7. UL#V%B1>* G$"(%??

107

3 91=4?A6<0/=A 91:=8A ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56 : ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 56 16??@:A1=53= C:?47@J 9:<A:15: < 9=1<:@ DA=533.

*=N=53= ?:>06?3A=0O5:E 8:@3??33 91353@6=A?/ 16M4=0O5J@ >:0:?:<653=@ D0=5:< ?:>06?3A=0O5:E 8:@3??33 :A C:?47@J, %:<=A6 ;=4=16H33, )16<3A=0O?A<6 *!. *=N=53= ?D3A6=A?/ 9135/AJ@ ?A:1:5:E, =?03 M6 5=>: 91:>:0:?:<60: F:0ON35?A<: 913?7A?A<72P3Q 56 M6?=46533 ?:>06?3A=0O5:E 8:@3??33 91=4?A6<3A=0=E 4655:E ?A:1:5J. *=M70OA6AJ >:0:?:<653/ 86K4:E ?A:1:5J 91353@62A?/ M6 :435 >:0:?. *=N=53= ?D3A6=A?/ ?:>06?:<655J@, =?03 =>: 9:44=1K603 A13 ?A:1:5J. *=N=53=, 91:A3< 8:A:1:>: <:M16K6=A Q:A/'FJ :456 ?A:1:56, ?D3A6=A?/ 5=?:>06?:<655J@ (9. I 3 2 ?A. 203 .- *!).

): 3A:>6@ 16??@:A1=53/ < 9=1<:@ DA=533 91:=8A6 M68:56 : ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= 91353@6=A?/ 9:?A65:<0=53= C:?47@J : 9135/A33 < 9=1<:@ DA=533 91:=8A6 ;=4=160O5:>: M68:56 : ;=4=160O5:@ F24K=A= (D. 1 9. 4 ?A. 203 .- *!).

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

31A1%-5H,$I$ G$,A- G6,-,?$"$N 9$AA1%<=6 ?+*P1=#$" ;3. C:?47@6 16??@6A13<6=A <: <A:1:@ DA=533 M68:5 : F24K=A= < A=D=53= 15 45=E ?: 45/ 9135/A3/ =>: < 9=1<:@ DA=533.

"@=55: <: <A:1:@ DA=533 C:?47@6 56916<0/=A < :1>65J 3?9:053A=0O5:E 3 91=4?A6<3A=0O5:E <06?A3 ?7FV=8A:< !=4=16H33 ?<=4=53/ : 16?91=4=0=533 4:Q:4:< :A ;=4=160O5JQ 560:>:< 3 ?F:1:< @=K47