251_p187_c9_1876

•Грамматика - система времен в действительном и страдательном залогах, \Модальные глаголы, неличные формы глагола, инфинитивные, причастные и герундиальные конструкции.

•Лексика и фразеологиязарепление общеупотребительной лексики и отражающей широкую и узкую специализацию, знакомство с основами научной речи, словосочетаниями, встречающимися в профессиональной речи.

5.УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ

5.1. РЕКОМЕНДУЕМАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Дроздова Т.Ю., Берестова А.И., Маилова В.Г. English Grammar. – CПб, 2000 2.About Sociology in English /Сост. Рушинская И.С.// - М.: Наука, 2000. З.Выборова В.Г., Махмурян А.Н. и др. Advanced English. – М.:Флинта, 2000. 4.Вводно-коррективный курс /Сост. Малова Н.С.и др. // - Иркутск, ИГУ, 2002.

5.Метод. указания для факультета социальных наука ( специальность – «Социология») /Сост.Миронова Е.И. - Иркутск: ИГУ, 2001.

6. Обучение переводу на базе текстов по социологии: Методические указания. /Сост.Миронова Е.И. – Иркутск: ИГУ, 2003.

6. МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ

6.1. ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ПРИМЕРНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Задание 1. Перевод предложений в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice).

Подлежащее переводится следующими падежами:

Translate, pay attention to the verbs:

1.They were asked to come. 2.He was helped. 3.She was admired by everybody.

При переводе также важно обратить внимание на глаголы с предлогами: To face with, to laugh at, to look at, to think of etc.

Translate:

He was well spoken of. The room has not been slept in. The story was much laughed at. Others had been laid off from work.

Обращаем внимание на перевод переходных глаголов типа, to watch, to speak, to answer, to follow etc.

Translate:

This language is not spoken here. This question was discussed and answered. Translate the verb “to follow”

1.Everybody followed his example.

11

2.His example was followed. 3.She has not followed his advice. 4.Your advice was not followed.

5.This introduction was followed by some illustrations. 6.They followed the rule.

7.The police were following him. 8.He was being followed.

Задание 2. Модальные глаголы (Modal verbs).

Такие модальные глаголы как would, should, might, could могут также выражать сослагательное наклонение и переводятся соответствующим образом (с «бы»). Обратите внимание, что глагол to be в сослагательном наклонении имеет форму were.

Translate:

1.I should help you if I were not so busy. 2.It would be a mistake to think so.

3.See to it that the glass might not be broken. 4.This rule might be applied here.

5.It could be proved only by facts. 6.I should offer another explanation.

7.I hope that I can indicate methods that are to be developed further.

8.If you were to happen on this place you might witness some interesting scenes.

9.This is a hypothesis which could be proved only by the actual discovery of some facts. 10.It would be a mistake to think that they are unaware of the facts.I hope that I can indicate methods that are to be developed further.

11.If you were to happen on this place you might witness some interesting scenes. 12.This is a hypothesis which could be proved only by the actual discovery of some facts. 13.It would be a mistake to think that they are unaware of the facts.

Задание 3. Participles and Gerund (-ing, -ed- forms).

Причастия переводятся:

Translate: The changes involved took place last century. The area concerned was studied by many scientists.

Обороты, типа “when shown” “if discussed” переводятся придаточными предложениями типа «когда ……показали…..», «если ….обсуждать….».

12

Translate: 1.When asked he smiled but did not answer. 2.If translated into English the article may be published in a magazine. 3.If asked for this book can be found easily.

Задание 4. Absolute Participle Construction.

Независимый причастный оборот переводится с помощью вводимых извне союзов.

E.g. He being tired, I decided not to disturb him. – Т.к. он устал, я решил его не трогать.

Ср. Being tired he decided to go to bed.- Будучи усталым он решил пойти спать.

Translate:

1.A University was established in 425, teaching being conducted both in Latin and Greek. 2. The matter of definitions settled, we may begin our consideration of cultural influence. 3.There being no other choice, we decided to break through.

4.It was dark, the sun having set an hour before.

5.We sat in the garden, the moon slowly rising above the mountains.

6.Dinner being over, we went to the garden.

7.Peter being ill, I had to finish the work.

8.He having taken the keys, I could not enter the house.

9.All the questions having been discussed, we went home.

10.The play being very popular, it was difficult to get the tickets. Gerund бывает:

Герундий употребляется после таких глаголов и словосочетаний как:

Translate:

1.Do you mind closing the door? 2.Do you mind my closing the door? 3.Excuse my being so late.

4.We regretted our having missed the lecture. 5.We regret his not being sent to the conference. 6.It’s worth while remembering this rule.

7.He hated being interrupted. 8.It was no good asking him. 9.I prefer speaking to him.

10.I don’t feel like telling you about it.

Обратите особое внимание на перевод таких сочетаний как:

13

Инфинитив употребляется после модальных глаголов. Обратите внимание на их перевод и на перевод эквивалентов модальных глаголов, таких как to have to and to be to.

4.By looking at social arrangement we gain a new vision.

5.A human was conceived with a relationship, was born into relationship. 6.Many scientists were attracted to sociology.

7.A classic study carried by social scientists helps to clarify some points. It helps all of us to understand things.

8.To look around would signal disrespect.

14

9.They usually come to the corner to pass the time.

10.By studying sociology we can achieve a better grasp of how our society is organized. 11.Our view is limited to the close-up scenes of our school.

12.They had nothing to gain by accepting a job. 13.You should not be surprised.

14.Earning too little money to support themselves they are certain of their abilities. 15.Service industries where most new jobs are found have few midlevel jobs. 16.How may art contribute to social mythmaking.

17.The governments are more than ever alarmed by social problems. 18.Offered only routine jobs they come to work feeling flat and stale. 19.They must use all their resources to maintain themselves.

20.It enables us to penetrate our social world.

21.To call attention to some facts is to challenge some moral views.

Translate the sentences, pay attention to all grammar forms mentioned above.

1.The truck moves on stopping again whenever idling men come within calling distance of the driver.

2.Many young people must be understood within the context of their social status. 3.This consciousness helps us to better understand the social forces we confront. 4.One can see man, then another climb into the back and sit down.

5.They can reasonably expect their children to pursue a higher education. 6.Clarence had to attend an eleven o’clock meeting.

7.Like many privileged Americans he had located their problems in the men themselves. 8.A human may be many things, but above all you are a social creature destined to live in society.

9.He cannot look to the personal character of individuals to explain their problems. 10.These children are more likely to finish high school.

11.given this interpretation government policy might best be directed toward changing their motivations.

12.Historican situation is instantly distorted once we know what actually happened.

13.A man who has a job is twice as likely to marry the mother of his children as is a man who is unemployed.

14.Sociologists should not consider their sole mission to be the development of abstract knowledge.

15.One would think these would be times when social science research would be riding high.

16.They require us to consider the economic and political institutions of the society.

17.If we lack an adequate understanding of drug abuse are we flying blind in attempting to deal with these behavior?

18.Other topics that will be addressed include why social stratification arises. 19.They are inclined to deal with them.

20.How are some sociological ideas shaped by the times in which sociologists live? 21.Some people never seem to be happy.

22.Students are unlikely to make good progress at the University unless they work out some basic methods of study.

23.His manner of talking was tactless to say the least of it. He kept mentioning subjects unpleasant to his friends.

24.This theory is known to explain a great deal in the mechanism of developing of society. 25.Many social problems ca be solved by means of just taxation.

Text 1.

15

More than 2,300 years ago Aristotle wrote :” The human is by nature a social animal.” Put another way you may be many things but above all you are a social creature destined to live your life with other people in society. Your relationships with others lie at the core of your existence. You were conceived within a relationship, were born into relationships, became genuinely human in relationships and live your life within relationships. In brief you cannot be human all by yourself. What you think, how you feel, and what you say and do are fashioned by your interaction with other people in group settings. It is the web of meanings, expectations, behavior and institutional arrangements that result when people interact with one another in society that is the stuff of sociology. Let us define sociology as the scientific study of society, and more particularly, as the study of human organization.

Human beings have long had an interest in understanding themselves and their social arrangements. Judging by ancient folklore, myths and archeological remains, they have pondered why people of other societies order their lives differently than themselves. They have wondered why some members of society violate social rules. They have questioned why some people should be wealthy and powerful and others poor and powerless. And they have been bewildered and troubled by episodes of mass hysteria, revolution and war. It seems that our species wants to understand what life means, and how it has come about. At first human beings developed and applied the scientific method for the study of physical and biological phenomena. It has been only in the past 150 years or so that they have turned to science through research governed by the rigorous and disciplined collection and analysis of facts.

Text 2.

Sociology illuminates the human experience. It invites us to examine aspects of the social environment that we often ignore, neglect or take for granted. By studying sociology we can achieve a better grasp of how our society is organized, where power lies, what beliefs channel our behavior and how our society has come to be what it is. Sociology provides a unique perspective that encourages us to look behind the outer aspects of social life and discern its inner structure – to suspend the belief that things are simply as they seem. In other words, sociology equips us with a special form of consciousness. This consciousness helps us to better understand the social forces we confront, especially those that constrain us and free us. Thus sociology is a liberating science.

By looking at social arrangements in imaginative and fresh ways we gain a new vision of the social experience. The old, familiar, and even comfortable ways we have for viewing life change. We find that the society into which we are born shapes our identities, personalities, emotions, thought processes and fortunes in countless ways. Indeed the structures of society become the structures of our own consciousness: “Society does not stop at the surface of our skins. Society penetrates us as much as it envelops us” (Berger, 1963) So the challenge of sociology is to go beyond appearances and peer behind the masks people wear.

Text 3.

Sociologist William Wilson (1987) also looks to the structure of our society in seeking to understand the plight of ghetto blacks. He says that black poverty and disadvantage persist in our nation’s central cities for a fundamental social reason: hundreds of thousands of low-skill jobs – primarily involving physical labor – have disappeared over the last quarter century. For some thirty years prior 1970 blacks had steadily moved out of poverty. But during the 1970s and 1980s traditional avenues closed as the economy increasingly shifted away from the manufacture of goods (employing workers

16

in the steel, auto and appliance industries) to the production of services (sales personnel, computer programmers, cashiers and hospital personnel). From 1979 to 1985 the number of manufacturing jobs in the United States dropped by 1.7 million. Whereas +4 per cent of men under age 20 worked in manufacturing in 1973, the proportion had fallen to 22 percent by 1987. Many of the problems of the ghetto – soaring rates of welfare dependency, teenage pregnancy, drug abuse, and crime – are in part out growths of the fundamental, underlying problem of no jobs. As matters now stand, only 39 percent of black men aged 25 to 34 are married and living with their wives, a far cry from the figure of 62 percent for whites. Meanwhile the civil rights movement has allowed middle-class blacks to escape from the ghetto. So the black middle class no longer serves as a social and economic “buffer” in ghetto communities; now only a poor population remains that confronts family collapse and a growing isolation from mainstream society.

Text 4.

A basic reason for studying sociology is that by understanding the society in which we live, we can gain fuller insights into ourselves. Sociologist C.Mills (1959) termed this component the sociological imagination – the ability to see our lives, concerns, problems, and hopes as entwined within the larger social and historical context in which we live. He said we typically go about our daily activities bounded by a rather narrow orbit. Our viewpoint is limited to the close-up scenes of our school, job, family, and neighborhood. The sociological imagination allows us to break out from this limited vision and discern the relationship between our personal experiences and the social world about us.

Mills, an influential bur controversial sociologist pointed out that our personal troubles and public issues “ overlap and interpenetrate to form the larger structure of social and historical life”. …For instance,… in the first half of the 1980s some 11.5 million American workers lost jobs because of plant shutdowns or relocations, and only 60 percent of them found new jobs. Most lost their jobs because of rapid changes in technology and foreign competition. According to Mills we cannot explain their employment problems because “ the very structure of opportunities was collapsed. Both the correct statement of the problem and the range of possible solutions require us to consider the… institutions of the society.”

Text 5.

Social and historical forces are currently imposing constraints on the career opportunities of many college students. Shifts in the age structure of the population are reshaping the social, economic and political landscape. The graying of American society is posing particularly thorny problems in the workplace as younger and middle-aged workers jockey for advancement. A nearly 60% increase in the number of 35-to 44-year-olds will occur in the decade between 1985 and 1995. Consequently while many people will be in line for promotions, there will be fewer open slots than there will be people hoping to fill them. Complicating matters, service industries – where most new jobs are found – often have few midlevel jobs, making it tough to advance. There is, however, a bright spot: more young people are now earning college degrees and will enjoy high incomes. But for youths who do not attend college the future is bleak: between 1974 and 1986 the percentage of non- college-bound high school graduates who were working full-time one to two years after graduation fell from 73% to 49%. There are other disturbing trends. Although 90% of young adults aged 25 through 34 consider home ownership a high personal priority, their ability to own a home is steadily decreasing ( falling from nearly 55 percent in 1978 to about 45 percent in 1987) . And many baby boomers are reporting financial hardships their parents never faced. The job frustrations of many younger Americans must therefore

17

be understood within the context of the structural factors operating in the larger society and the workplace.

Text 6.

Applying sociological knowledge.

Some scientists contended that sociologists should not consider their sole mission to be the development of abstract knowledge; they must also look at the structure of society and find ways in which human conditions can be improved and human freedom expanded. Many of the founders of sociology, including August Comte, Karl Marx and Lester Ward hoped that the study of society would contribute to a more humane social order. Indeed, to call attention to some facts, however true, is to challenge moral or political views that ignore or distort them. So social science often becomes a kind of social criticism.

Many sociologists are attracted to sociology because they would like to improve our world, to allow us to lead fuller, richer and more fruitful lives. To do this, they need knowledge about the basic structures and processes of social life. Sociology can play a vital part in this enterprise by undertaking a search for the most effective ways to achieve particular ends. Knowledge must inform action. Morley made a similar point at the turn of the century when he observed: “ It is not enough to want to do good. One must do it the right way.” Sociology provides a method of inquiry that enables us to probe the social world. For example, many governmental health, education, housing and welfare programs depend on the collection of census and other statistical data based on sample, survey and statistical techniques developed by sociologists.

Sociology allows us to be systematic in collecting information that bears on difficult questions associated with various social practices and choices. For instance, the U.S. Supreme Court relied on social science finding regarding the effects of segregation on children in historic 1954 decision declaring mandatory school segregation unconstitutional. Similarly, research on the nursery school experiences of children was influential in leading government officials to establish the Head Start program in 1965. the purpose of Head Start is to provide preschool educational opportunities for economically disadvantaged children so that they may become financially independent adults. Later, sociologists and other social scientists design studies to discover whether or not Head Start was achieving its goals.

Text 7.

Social science research has dramatically changed our ideas about crime, aging, alcoholism, mental illness, foreigners, foreign cultures and differences between men and women. The social sciences have debunked a good many myths. A particularly notable achievement was G.Myrdal’s 1944 landmark study “ An American Dilemma”. The Swedish sociologist documented how blacks were victimized by racism and discrimination. The report made a significant contribution toward changing American racial attitudes and practices. Because of sociological research Americans today have a quite different view of human behavior and social institutions than did their parents only a generation ago.

Text 8.

Sociology can be a powerful tool both for acquiring knowledge about ourselves and for intervening in social affairs to achieve various goals. But a better understanding of social processes does not guarantee that our knowledge will be put to use in the formation of better social policies. What the sociological imagination promises is not easy to deliver.

18

Knowledge can contribute to the improvement of the human condition only if it is used. Sociology is not a storehouse of facts and formulas to be applied mechanically to social problems but a way of looking at the human condition realistically. Sociological knowledge is everyone’s property and responsibility – a set of tools not just for those with power but also for those over whom power is exercised .

Text 9.

Research with men’s and women’s basketball teams at Cornell University points to a similar conclusion. Players took shots from a fixed distance. The shooter and an observer were allowed either to bet a nickel on the next shot or to raise the bet to dime. The players and observers tended to raise their bets after successful shots, hoping to take advantage of the “hot hand” phenomenon. Yet researchers could find no correlation between the dime bets and the shots that followed. Admittedly these findings run contrary to common sense. It often seems to us that we are scoring because we are hot. In truth, however, we may fell hot because we are scoring.

Sociology and other sciences have taken us a long way beyond what is revealed by common sense. Common sense may apply under some circumstances, but it may also be wrong. Indeed, many other of our commonsense beliefs are myths.

Text 10.

Myth: Saturation bombing, such as that conducted against Japanese and Germans during World War II, contributes to social disruption and leads to panic and societal disintegration.

Fact: Carpet bombing of civilian centers during World War II increased rather than diminished civilian morale and resistance by inducing a high degree of social bombing.

Myth: There is safety in numbers. You are more likely to receive help in an emergency if there is a large crowd of people about.

Fact: You are more likely to receive help if only one other bystander is present. When many people are present both the obligation to assist and the potential blame for not helping are spread around. A ‘surplus” of helpers diffuses an individual’s sense of responsibility.

Myth: When the moon is full, there is a sharp increase in crime, suicide, alcoholism and murder.

Fact: Data from thirty-seven studies reveal no relationship between the full moon and human behavior. The full moon does not make any difference in people’s daily life. However, social factors play a major part in deviance.

Myth: Most poor people prefer to live off government welfare.

Fact: In recent years only about one-third of poor families received public assistance payments; 43% lived in publicly owned housing or received government rent subsidies.

Text 11.

You should not be surprised that the subject matter of sociology is everywhere around you. Should you conclude, therefore, that sociology is simply common sense dressed in new jargon? One problem with common-sense explanations is

that we usually invoke them after we know the facts. Social scientists find that our recollection of the outcomes we expect from some experiment or historical situation is instantly distorted once we know that actually happened. For instance, when we make

19

predictions about future political events we later mistakenly remember them as coinciding with what we now know happened.

Nor do we have much difficulty turning to a stockpile of ancient proverbs. Since nearly every possible outcome is conceivable, there are proverbs for virtually all occasions. But reflect. Does “Absence make the heart grow fonder” – or is it the reverse, “Out of sight, out of mind”? Do “Opposites attract” – or do “Birds of a feather flock together?” Or is it “Pennywise, pound foolish” – or “A penny saved is a penny earned”?Out of sight, out of mind”? Do “Opposites attract” – or do “Birds of a feather flock together?” Or is it “Pennywise, pound foolish” – or “A penny saved is a penny earned”?Out of sight, out of mind”? Do “Opposites attract” – or do “Birds of a feather flock together?” Or is it “Pennywise, pound foolish” – or “A penny saved is a penny earned”?

Text 12.

Homeless people. In cities across the country, people wearing tattered clothing and carrying bags of their belongings can be seen sleeping in train stations, bus terminals even on the sidewalk. They live through the winter on handouts of food and money begged from passersby.

The increasing visibility of the homeless serves as s disturbing reminder that some people in our society are considerably worse of than others. At the very bottom of the American social ladder, even more destitute than the inhabitants of shabby slum dwellings are these people whose wordly goods fill a few shopping bags, who lack even the most rudimentary shelter. Social workers who investigate the circumstances of homeless people, however, usually find that these people once were better off, but some unexpected misfortune led to their losing their homes. For example, an apartment building is sold to a developer for renovation and its poor tenants are evicted. A breadwinner loses his or her job because of a plant closing or a protracted illness. A woman leaves an abusive husband but cannot afford an apartment on her own. What ever the precipitating event, the result is the same: a person , a couple, a mother and her children or an entire family living in an encampment on the street. Having fallen from a higher rung on the social ladder, many of the homeless are unable to regain their position.

A lack of resources and opportunities characterizes those at the bottom level of our society: conversely, an abundance of resources and opportunities characterizes those at the top. This structured ranking of people in a hierarchy is the essence of stratification, which refers to the division of a society into layers (or strata) of people who have unequal amounts of scarce but desirable resources, life chances and social influence. Stratification refers also to inequality among categories of people; for instance, people with similar levels of education, in similar occupations, or possessing similar access to power may occupy the same rung of social ladder. These inequalities are built into the social structure and may persist from generation to generation. Social stratification does not occur by chance; it is a systematic arrangement that serves the interests of some people above the interests of others. As we see societies differ in their degree of social mobility – in the opportunities available for individuals to move up or down the stratification hierarchy by their own efforts.

Text 13.

Our personal troubles and public issues overlap and interpenetrate to form the larger structure of social life. This insight can be extended by distinguishing between the “micro” or small-scale, aspects of the social enterprise and the ‘macro’, or large-scale,

20