книги / Английский язык

6. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений со сказуемым в страдатель ном залоге. Переведите все предложения:

'1. As a result of the flight extensive information on the pro­ cesses taking place in the active areas of the Sun has been obtained. 2. The designing of a powerful new carrier rocket in the Soviet Union has enabled Soviet scientists to develop apparatus unique in size and characteristics. 3. Jet-propulsion systems are referred to as reaction motors because they operate on the reaction principle. 4. The Luna 16 wa$. moving-vertically at a speed of less than 8 feet * per second when descent engines were cut off. 5. A rocket is referred to as a device producing a propulsive jet from the material carried within itself. 6. The first joint flight of Soyuz and Apollo has contributed to the solution of a major scientific

re-entry body has re-entered the atmosphere and is being decele­ rated rapidly as it descends towards the target the trajectory changes. 8. When the container was separated the magnetometer readings were no longer affected by the presence of a metallic body. 9. After all data on the work of the instrumentation and the systems had been received from the spaceship a command was* sent up from the Earth to separate the capsule. 10. Many different

Soviet system of automatic link-up of sputniks and spaceships in orbit has settled a number of practical tasks in cosmonautics. В* Conditions in the combustion chamber are not influenced by external pressureand temperature. 14. The Soyuz spacecraft has been the primary manned vehicle for the Soviet space programme since it was introduced in 1967. 15. The cosmonauts brought back a vast amount of materials with the results of the research they had done. 16. That engine has been used to boost the payload to the required velocity. 17. A missile flying the greater part of its path as a freely thrown body is called a ballistic missile. At this moment it is acted upon only by two forces: the earth’s gravita­ tion and the resistance of the air. 18. The Soviet Union is carrying out extensive joint programmes for the exploration and exploita­

ипереведите их:

1.explorer; 2. exploration;’3. development; 4. instrumentation; 5. propulsion; 6. arrangement; 7. vicinity; 8. recovery; 9. simulta­

neous; 10. simultaneously; 11. smoothly; 12. accurate; 13. accura-

* feet pi от foot — фут (30,48 см\

11

tely; 14. rocketry; 15. designer; 16. powerful; 17. extensive; 18. achievement; 19. determination; 20. weightlessness; 21. condi­ tion; 22. valuable

8. Переведите без словаря глаголы и образованные от них существи­ тельные:

1. to launch, the launching; 2. to perfect, perfection; 3. to achieve, achievement; 4. to recover, recovery; 5. to design, design­ er; 6. to continue, continuation ; 7. to explore, explorer, exploration; 8. to receive, reception; 9. to accelerate, acceleration; 10. to separate, separation

9. Укажите дробью синонимы:к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):

the equipment

5.two bodies simultaneously 5. превышать допустимый вес landing

atmosphere; 5. a smoothly dropping body; 6. to retrieve payloads;

12

7.the extensive information; 8. a missile fired in the vicinity of N;

9.to perfect a propulsion; 10: to arrange the instrumentation.

12.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1. The third Sputnik was launched on 15 May 1958. 2. The weight of the third Sputnik in orbit totalled about 7,000 pounds *.

3.The design of a rocket propulsion is influenced by many factors.

4.The operation of this engine has been perfected. 5. The rocket smoothly dropped back to the Earth. 6. This principle of retrieving instrumentation was used in some, other rocket launchings. 7. A system for recovering, payloads has been developed. 8. The weight of scientific instruments of the third Sputnik exceeded 2;100 pounds.

13.Найдите в тексте “Some Facts from the History of Astronautics’’ от­ веты на вопросы:

1.When was a Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion organiz­

ed?

2.When was the first Soviet rocket with a liquid fuel engine launched?

3.When'did regular flights of high-altitude rockets become the principal method of exploring the upper atmosphere?

4.What interrupted the peaceful development of Soviet rocketry?

5.Was the first A-l geophysical rocket followed by many rockets of this type?

6.What instrument payload could A-2 rockets take?

7.What was launched on February 21, 1958?

8.To what altitude were A-4 rockets fired up?

9.Since what time have rockets been used for meteorological observations?

10.On what basis were modern space rockets built in the USA?

11.What rocket was the first American satellite, Explorer, launched with?

12.What does this fact emphasize?

14.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

Soviet Sputniks

All three Soviet satellites which were successfully launched received the popular name of Sputnik. The launching of Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957 was the beginning of space age. Sputniks were characterized by large payloads’in space. Many western scientists were* surprised that the Soviet Union had placed such larger payloads into orbit. However, most people who had been closely

13

theory for the past years were not surprised at the Soviet achievement.

Sputnik I was launched successfully on 4 October 1957. This was the first artificial satellite. The weight in orbit, consisting of the second-stage rocket vehicle *, the nose cone, and the satellite, totalled four tons. The satelliteitself was spherical, having 22.8 inches * in diameter and weighing 184 pounds. It was separated

the Soviet IGY studies and they included determination of pres­ sure andtemperature of surrounding medium.

Sputnik I was followed by Sputnik If less than one month later. Sputnik II was launched on 3 November 1957. It carried a Laika dog into space. Instruments detected and telemetered the dog’s reactions to acceleration, weightlessness and other condi­ tions of flight in space.

'The satellite consisted of a conical compartment3 and the final

1 rocket vehicle — ракета-носитель

2launching vehicle — ракета-носитель

3compartment — отсек

15.Прочтите и переведите со словарем:

Salyut 4-Soyuz 18: 63 Days in Orbit

The flight of the second expedition by Soviet cosmonauts, Pyotr Klimuk and Vitaly Sevastyanov, aboard the Salyut 4 long­ life orbital scientific station has been successfully completed.

The descent vehicle of the Soyuz 18 transport ship with the cosmonauts aboard landed in the Soviet Union at 5.18 p. m. on 26 July 1974.

This was the longest manned flight in the history of Soviet cosmonautics of the Salyut-Soyuz complex, which lasted 63 days. Before returning to the Earth, the cosmonauts set the station to continue its flight on automatic.

The cosmonauts brought back a vast amount of materials with the results of the research they had done. Much attention had been devoted to studying the Earth’s surface. Valuable scientific information was obtained on the physical processes taking place in the active areas of the Sun, in the terrestrial atmosphere and in outer space. A comprehensive photo and spectrographic study

which presents great scientific interest.

* inch — дюйм (2,54 см\

14

УРОК 2

Г р а м м а т и к а : 1 Способы выражения модальности (§ 4)

2.Инфинитив в функции именной части составного именного сказуемого (§ 5)

Те к с т : Trajectories of Long-Range Ballistic Missiles

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

16. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод эквивалентов модальных глаголов:

1. The astronauts had to bring, back extensive information on the weightlessness conditions. 2. A missile is to fly the greater part of its trajectory as a freely moving body. 3. The operation of this engine will have to be perfected. 4. The designers have to use the same principle of retrieving instrumentation. 5. Tsiolkovsky was able to formulate basic requirements of rocket propel­ lants. 6. The engineer was allowed to reduce the weight of the payload. 7. Scientists will have to study the orbit characteristics before transmitting the radio signals. 8. To calculate the necessary corrections for returning the missile to the required trajectory they had to use a computer. 9. In 1933 the Soviet ^Union was able to launch the first rocket with a liquid fuel engine in the vicinity of Moscow. 10. The designer is not allowed to make any changes in the propulsion. 11. A-2 rockets were able to take an instrument payload weighing 2,200 kg to an altitude of 212 km. 12. The third Sputnik was to carry an instrumentation payload of 2,135 pounds. 13. The rocket will be able to drop back to the Earth with a parachute; 14. The astronauts were to study the operation of the inboard systems.

17. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива

вфункции именной части составного именного сказуемого:1

1.One of the main problems when launching the satellite was to determine the parameters of the upper atmosphere. 2. The purpose is to study the influence of weightlessness, space radia-

16

tion and magnetic field on man. 3. The task was to work out and to fulfil an extensive programme of space exploration. 4. One of the tasks of the first joint flight of Soyuz and Apollo was to show that countries with different social systems could work together in space. 5. The object of the “Electron” satellites was to investi­ gate simultaneously the upper atmosphere and the earth radia­ tion. 6. The difficulty was to reduce the weight of the payload. 7. The basic purpose of the investigation was to determine the intensity of radiation. 8. The aim of the engineer is to determine the efficiency of the propulsion. 9. The main purpose was to organize a special group for investigating some problems of cosmonautics. 10. The difficulty is to find the proper propellant combination for this enginfe.

18. Прочтите слова и словосочетания:

target ['tccgit], to reach the target; to accelerate [aek'Selareit], accelerating; to decelerate ['di/selareit], decelerating; transition [trasn'si30n], transition to another trajectory;, to inject [m'd3ekt], the injection of the payload into the trajectory; to consume [kan'sju:m], consumption [кэп'элтр/эп], energy consumption, required energy consumption; exhaust [ig'zo:st], exhaust velocity; through [0ru:], through space, through the gravitational field; apogee ['a2poud3i:]; to subject [sab'd3ekt], to subject to decele­ ration; though [бои], although [э:1'бои]

TEXT

TRAJECTORIES OF LONG-RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILES

the surface of the Earth, known as the launch point, to another point, also on the surface of the Earth, known as the target. To fulfil this purpose the ballistic missile has to use a propulsive system which accelerates the payload to a velocity at which it is able to follow a predetermined free-flight path beyond the appre­ ciable atmosphere. The payload moves along this free-flight path without further expenditure of energy until it re-enters the Earth's atmosphere at a point close to the target so that, when it has been decelerated by the atmosphere, the warhead can be exploded within a calculated lethal distance of the target.

A trajectory of a long-range ballistic missile is divided irito three distinct sections of which each has its own characteristics. The first section is known as the propelled flight. During the period of propelled flight the payload forms a part of the complete ballistic vehicle. This vehicle is accelerated upwards from the launch pad, launch being defined as the initial motion in transition from static repose to dynamic flight, that is, the

17

moment when the missile is no longer supported by its launcher. Launch is synonymous with takeoff or liftoff.

From a vertical launching of the missile the propelled flight is programmed so that the path of the vehicle gradually pitches

the free-flight path which forms the second section of the typical trajectory. The overall missile design has to provide for the all propellants consumption by the time the vehicle reaches a suitable velocity for injection. Burnout is the point in time or in the trajectory of the missile when the propellant is exhausted or its flow is cut off to end combustion in the rocket engine. Burnout velocity is the velocity of the vehicle at this time. It is to be close in value to the required injection velocity. Burnout angle is the angle that the velocity vector makes with the local horizontal at the burnout point. It is sometimes known as the burnout eleva­ tion.

The injection point is above the atmosphere so that the vehicle can follow the free-flight path through space. During this second part of the flight the payload can, if required, be separated from the empty tanks and the useless engine of the large rocket vehicle that has been used to boost the payload to the required velocity.

the downward part of the trajectory. At some point it re-enters

The path curves rapidly at the end of the flight and the payload may descend almost.vertically on to its target.

Although the periods of propulsion and of re-entry are very important, the greater part of the ballistic missile’s trajectory consists of the free-flight path. It is this part of the trajectory where the missile covers the greatest distance in moving from the launch point to the target.

Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

п burnout, burnout angle, burnout velocity, expenditure, injec­ tion, injection velocity, launch, launch pad, launcher, liftoff, long-range ballistic missile, propelled flight, rocket vehicle, takeoff, tank, transition, warhead

v boost, cover, cut off (cut; cut), decelerate, descend, exhaust, provide (for), re-enter, subject (to)

a empty, overall, predetermined,' propulsive cj until

18

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

further expenditure of energy until it re-enters the Earth’s atmo­ sphere at a point close to the target. 2. The designer has to provide for the conditions for the quick consumption of the propellant. 3. During the second part of the flight the payload can be separated from the empty tanks and the useless engine of the large rocket vehicle. 4. As the injection point was above the atmosphere the vehicle was able to follow the free-flight path through space. 5. The payload had to follow the free-flight trajec­ tory, gradually rising through the gravitational field. 6. During the re-entry phase the payload will have to be subjected to deceleration forces and aerodynamic heating and buffeting. 7. The missile may cover the great distance in moving from the launch point to the target. 8. At a high altitude the resistance of the air is to be negligible and hence less time is required to boost the missile. 9. Before launching when the missile is still on the ground, a special programme is to be fed into 'the airborne instruments. 10. The propellant tanks have to .be strong as they are acted upon by a very high internal pressure. 11. To over­ come terrestrial gravity and fly to other planets the spacecraft had to develop the escape velocity, this velocity being equal to 11.2 kilometers per second. 12. The control system of the ballistic missile rocket engine is to ensure that the engine can be started and cut off when necessary.

21. Из вариантов перевода, данных в скобках после каждого предложе­ ния, укажите номер, соответствующий переводу выделенной грамматической формы:

1. The designers were to replace some parts of the rocket engine (1. должны заменить; 2. смогли заменить; 3. должны были за­ менить). 2. The results of this flight will have to ensure a new and important step forward in the development of orbital stations

(1. смогут обеспечить; 2. должны обеспечить; 3. должны будут

19

обеспечить). 3. A number of problems had to be overcome in the fabrication of these motors (1. можно было преодолеть; 2. нужно было преодолеть; 3. нужно преодолеть). 4. Special instruments are able to measure the space density of meteoric particles in near-lunar space (1. могли измерить; 2. могут измерить; 3. долж­ ны измерить). 5. The engineer was able to test the engine ahead of schedule (1. смог испытать; 2. должен испытать; 3. может испытать). 6. The cosmonauts were to test the new automatic equipment of the spacecraft (1. должны испытать; 2. могли испытать; 3. должны были испытать). 7. The payload will have to follow the free-flight trajectory (1. должны следовать; 2. долж­ на будет следовать; 3. сможет следовать). 8. They will be able to repair the propellant tanks in time (1. могут отремонтировать;

2.должны будут отремонтировать; 3. смогут отремонтировать).

9.The engineer is to determine the efficiency of the propulsion (1. должен определить; 2. может определить; 3. должен был

определить). 10. Before the flight the engineers have to check up all the components of the missile (1. должны были проверить;

2.должны проверить; 3. могут проверить).

22.Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений с модальным сказуемым. Переведите все предложения.

to increase the propellant density. 6. The mission of the Ameri­ can Apollo space vehicle was to land men on the Moon and return them safely to the Earth. 7. The task of the Luna 3 space probe was to provide the solution to many questions about the invisible side of the Moon, and give scientists a better idea of its surface structure. 8. A group of engineers was to develop longrange liquid-propellant rockets for interplanetary flights. 9. Alexei Leonov and Valery Kubasov were to carry out the orbit manoe­

the new docking device and its automatic equipment, as well as the orientation, movement control and life-sustaining systems, which were modernized in accordance with the demands of the Soviet-US experiment on docking the Soyuz and Apollo space­ ships in 1975.

20