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Г р а м м а т и к а : Самостоятельный причастный оборот (§ 10) Т е к с т : Electric Power Sources in Space

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

80. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод самостоя­ тельного причастного оборота:

1. The range of this missile being very short, gyro-stabilization could be used to control its trajectory. 2. After the successful completion of the walk in space, Belyaev &nd Leonov carried, out extensive scientific investigations, the ship making fifteen orbits around the Earth. 3. This device being very effective, we were recommended to use it for our experiment. 4. Long-range missiles are used against fixed targets, their ranges being 3,000 to 5,000 miles. 5. The components, of the velocity of a body moving in the air being known, the resultant velocity may be found. 6. Two radars and a computer being used, both the target and the missile can be followed. 7. The first Sputnik having 1 watt transmitters, many people were able to receive the signals from’ it. 8. Before a vehicle is constructed, a number of problems will have to be solved, the most important problem being the engine. 9. The fuel of the first stage consumed, the separation takes place

launching phase. 11. We consider this engine to be an internal combustion engine, its fuel burned within its cylinders or combustion chamber,

81. Прочтите слова и словосочетания:

debut ['deibu:], to make a space debut; Gemini [Мзеттаг], Gemini flight; hydrogen ['haidrid3on], oxygen ['oksid39nj, hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells; to coast [koust], coasting flight; gear [gia], all kinds of gear, some vital kinds of gear; Mercury

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of these designs; isotope ['aisoutoup], radioactive isotopes, radioactive-isotope batteries; fissionable ['fi/пэЫ], fissionable

TEXT

ELECTRIC POWER SOURCES IN SPACE

Fuel cells made their space debut in the third Gemini flight on March 23, 1965. A single hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell replaced some of the silver-zinc batteries which the two-man Gemini spacecraft had used before.

Space vehicles need electric power, both in rocket-propelled

spacecraft of the Mercury and Gemini flights depending on them. Chemical batteries are still unchallenged as electric-power sources for launch rockets, which demand several kilowatts of power, though for only a few minutes.

Advanced types like silver-zinc and nickel-cadmium batteries are considered to offer more power for less weight than the less expensive lead battery in a car. However, chemical batteries are extremely heavy for long use — more than a few weeks — without recharging.

Fuel cells, related to conventional chemical batteries in principle, represent quite a radical departure in form. Hydrogen and oxygen being fed into the fuel cell, an electric current — up to a kilowatt or two comes out — and a little water.

A fuel cell thus requires a supply of hydrogen and oxygen. The water which is produced by fuel cells being potable, the attraction of fuel cells is enhanced for manned space vehicles.

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boron vapor. Sunlight striking these cells is converted directly into current.

Solar batteries produce only a few watts of electrical power per square foot t>f panel surface. In order to drive high-powered

battery capable of high-power, short-time discharges.

The Vanguard I satellite, launched in 1958, used solar battery power.

Atomic batteries use the heat given off by the natural decay of various radioactive isotopes. Thermocouples turn this heat into electric current. Such radioactive-isotope batteries can supply up to several hundred watts of electricity for periods over a year.

Nuclear reactors provide power, not from radioactive isotopes that decay spontaneously at an invariable rate but from a controllable chain reaction. The amount of fissionable material exceeding a certain “critical” mass, these reactors cannot be used where only small power is needed. Nuclear reactors are expected to find use in future high-powered TV broadcasting satellites.

Any source of power must be extremely reliable. No single component’s failure must ever be permitted to deprive a space vehicle of all its vital power. Hence, just as solar cells, a-tomic batteries, and fuel cells had to await thorough proof of their reliability before being adopted for use in space.

1 round-the-clock — круглосуточный

adv hence

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

82.Прочтите и переведите словосочетания:

1.low thrust missiles; 2. ground launchers; 3. the combat requirements; 4. the combat requirements analysis; 5. the coast­ ing flight time; 6. Mercury and Gemini flights; 7. the turbopump assembly failure; 8. power sources; 9. the power sources lifetime;

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up to a kilowatt or two and a little water resulted. 5. Sunlight striking these cells was converted directly into current. 6. Liquid propellant rockets are now being simplified. 7. Liquid propellant rocket motors are often used as a booster to start the flight, ramjet engines delivering propulsion during the flight. 8. The design flying speed being increased, the ram pressure increased. 9. In any rocket propulsion system all the material forming the propulsive jet is carried within the vehicle which is being propel­ led. 10. The instruments of Sputnik III being powered not only by electro-chemical batteries, but also by solar batteries, the period of work of these instruments was greatly enhanced. 11. The first, stage of the rocket having a burning time of 155 seconds, the rocket can be injected during this period into a desired trajectory inclined to the horizontal by about 40°. 12. The gear being reliable in operation, the designers use it in various

as the initial motion in transition from static repose to dynamic flight. 15. The highly compressed air is heated by the combus­

слово является существительным. Переведите все предложения:1

1 . Space vehicles need electric power, both in rocket-propelled and coasting flight. 2. Chemical batteries are considered to be unchallenged as electric-power sources for launch rockets. 3. If

a solid-propellant rocket powers any space vehicle its total weight is considerably larger as compared with vehicles powered by liquid-propellant rockets. 4. Solar thermoelectric generator may provide auxiliary electric power for space vehicles. 5. Nuclear reactors are likely to be used in future high-powered TV broadcasting satellites. 6. Any source of power must operate reliably. 7, Fuel cells provided electric power for the two-man

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Gemini spacecraft. 8. The instruments of Sputnik III were powered not only by electro-chemical batteries, but also by solar ones.

85.Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод слов "like”

и"unlike”:

1.Like any moving body, the guided missile can execute two basic kinds of motions: rotation and translation. 2 . Missiles, like

engine is a continuous flow engine. 4. Unlike the steady flow ramjet, the pulse jet may be started statically, that is, when in a stationary condition. 5. The fuel cell as a source of power for lun ar-surface vehicles becomes a convenient energy-storage device, operating like a car battery. 6. Unlike the airplanes, spaceships present an entirely new concept of design and operation. 7. Unlike the Moon, which is a dead world, the surface of Mars shows seasonal as well as long-term changes.

86. Определите по суффиксам, к каким частям речи относятся слова, и переведите их:

1 . comparative; 2 . comparable; 3. permission, permissible; 4. complexity; 5. departure; 6. storage; 7. conventional; 8. reli­ able; 9. reliably; 10. reliability; 11. convenient; 12. conveniently;

13.consideration; 14. advantage; 15. performance

87.Переведите прилагательные и образованные от них наречия, обращая внимание на перевод наречий:

1.high, highly; 2. great, greatly; 3. large, largely; 4. near,

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89. К каждому словосочетанию подберите русский эквивалент:

7. a need for recharging batteries; 8. a departure from the tra­

91.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1.At that moment a space vehicle ceased to coast. 2. The engineer offered an advanced power source. 3. Chemical batte­ ries are considered to be unchallenged as electric-power sources for space vehicles. 4. The most advanced fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen, both of them being in gaseous form. 5. Nuclear reactors are likely to be used for space travel in future. 6. The weight of fuel cells being very low, they are a suitable source of power,for space vehicles. 7. The efficiency of conventional power sources is to be enhanced. 8. The amount of fissionable materiat in nuclear reactors exceeds a certain “critical” mass. Hence they cannot be used where only small power is needed. 9. The lifetime of this gear depends upon the loads. 10. These batteries are to be recharged.

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92. Найдите в тексте “Electric Power Sources in Space” ответы на во­ просы:

1.What vehicles did chemical batteries power?

2.Are chemical batteries extremelyjieavy for long use with­ out recharging?

3.What does a fuel cell require?

7.Must any source of power be extremely reliable?

93.К каждому слову подберите русский эквивалент:

94. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

Power from Fuel Cells

A fuel cell is a device capable of converting fuel and oxygen

hydrogen and oxygen, both of them being in gaseous form. In the fuel cell hydrogen and oxygen are fed in, and an electric current comes out and a little water. The weight of fuel cells being very low, they are a suitable source of power for space vehicles. For example, fuel cells provided electric power for the two-man

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by-productl, water. The water from a fuel cell, is potable. The astronauts can drink1it. Also, with the help of electricity and electrolysis, water can be turned back into its two constituents12,

it is equipped with hydrogen and oxygen tanks for a radius of action of a few hundred miles. When the vehicle comes back to a camp, its hydrogen and oxygen tanks may be nearly empty, but its water-collecting tank, in its turn, will be almost full. The fuel cell as a source of power for lunar-surface vehicles thus becomes a convenient energy-storage device, operating like a car battery. The important difference is that for the same amount of stored electric energy it is much lighter.

1 by-product — побочный продукт

2constituents — составляющие части

05.Прочтите и переведите со словарем:

Propulsion of the Turbojet Engine

The turbojet engine is employed for propelling certain guided missiles and aircraft in the high subsonic speed range. The atmospheric air entering the engine is partially compressed, in the diffuser and then compressed to a much higher pressure by the air compressor, which may be either of the axial-flow or

air, containing approximately 2 per cent of combustion products,

pressure higher than that of the atmosphere, the temperature of gases ranging from 900 to 1,300° F. From the turbine the gases pass through a tailpipe and are finally expanded and ejected to the atmosphere through a suitably shaped exhaust nozzle .at the rear of the unit. The combination of the air intake system, air compressor, combustion system and turbine is essentially a gas generator for supplying the exhaust nozzle with high-tempera­ ture, high-pressure gases. The ejection velocity of the gases is,

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