книги / Английский язык

УРОК 7

Г р а м м а т и к а : 1, Инфинитив в функции определения (§ 11)'

2.Герундий в функции подлежащего (§ 12)

Те к с т : Problems of banding on Mars

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

assemble these parts must be at the firing site in time. 7. Pro­ pellant properties and pressure are the two main factors to be discussed here. 8. The form of the vehicle is affected by the mission, equipment and payload to be carried. 9. The problems of jet propulsion and gas dynamics to be considered here are of •great importance. 10. The computer calculates the necessary corrections to be used for guiding the missile to the required trajectory. 11. Propellants to be used in rocket vehicles can be stored in either liquid or solid form. 12. The engineer to design a new engine will have to use the latest achievements in this field.

97. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод герундия

вфункции подлежащего:1

1.Determining and analysing the rocket performance is of great importance for the designer. 2. Launching a satellite

missile is not greatly different from that of a long-range ballistic

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missile. 3. Increasing the number of stages increases the complexity of the vehicle. 4. Landing a high speed aircraft is a very complicated operation. 5. Using new materials for the combustion chamber walls will improve the lifetime of the chamber. 6. Considering the type of engine suitable for this aircraft is the task of these engineers. 7. Landing on remote planets is a problem to be solved in the nearest future. 8. Storing and transporting propellants is not simple problem.

98. Прочтите слова и словосочетания:

to haul [ho:l], hauled by cargo rockets; voyage [voids], an interplanetary voyage, an interplanetary voyage to be realized in future; maintenance ['meintinons], an equipment maintenance; maneuver [ma'nuvo], powered maneuvers, orbit maneuvers; size [saiz], sizable, sizable items of payload; perspective [po'spektiv], a voyage in perspective; circumsolar [,s9:k9m'soub], a circumsolar trajectory, a curved circumsolar trajectory; mile [mail], 325 million miles; favourable ['feivarabl], favourable positions in orbits; to acquire [a'kwaia], to acquire favourable speeds; to suffice [so'fais], the amount that escape velocity suffices

T E X T

PROBLEMS OF LANDING ON MARS

To prepare a manned expedition to Mars, we must first examine such things as place of departure, size of crew, kind of propulsion, payload, distance, travel time and flight plan. It is fairly certain that a manned Mars expedition to be performed will not start from the earth’s surface, but from a low “departure orbit” around" the earth. There, the interplanetary ship will be assembled from modular parts hauled up by earth-to-orbit cargo

several arguments for a bigger crew. The length of the Mars expedition enhances the chances that a crew member may become sick and require a doctor’s assistance, as well as replacement. Adding a few crew members can give the expedition much greater scientific usefulness. And since the equipment -to be instated will be more complex than for a moon trip, it will need more monitoring .and maintenance. For its powered maneuvers, in earth orbit and near Mar's, we can assume that the.spaceship to be designed will use one of these two forms of propulsion: high-energy chemical engines, burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, and nuclear engines with a solid core, using liquid hydrogen as the sole propellant. Using nuclear engines will '

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provide nearly twice the “specific impulse1’ (a measure of propul­ sive efficiency) of high-energy chemical engines.

Besides the weight of the ship itself, its crew, and its propel­ lants, we shall have to provide for sizable items of payload, including:

Enough oxygen, food, and water to supply all the crew members for the duration of the expedition.

A simple radiation shelter — since bursts of solar radiation, predictable for short periods like periods of an Apollo round trip to the moon, cannot be forecast for the long time span of a voyage to a planet and back.

A spinning crew compartment for providing artificial gravity. Radio equipment capable of covering interplanetary distan­

ces reliably.

Comparing a Mars expedition with a flight to the moon will help to put an interplanetary flight -in perspective. The average distance between earth and moon is 238,860 miles, and a typical

of 325 million miles before getting there.

A typical one-way flight to the moon requires two-and-a half to three days. Mariner IV was on its way to Mars for eight months. These are one-way flight times. However, nobody wants to go on a one-way trip into space.

To get back from another planet with a reasonable expendi­ ture of propellants, the return flight must be made when that planet and the earth are in fairly favourable positions in their orbits.

To reach the moon, a spacecraft must acquire a speed just a trifle less than the earth’s escape velocity, which is the speed required to escape permanently from the earth’s gravitational pull. For a one-way flight to Mars, the spacecraft need not reach a very much higher speed. Just a trifle more than escape velocity suffices to carry it out of the earth’s field. The spacecraft to be

Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

пapproach, cargo, crew, departure, duration, escape velocity,

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a average, circumsolar, favourable, interplanetary, predictable, sizable, sole

adv permanently, slightly cj as well as

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

99. Из вариантов перевода, данных в скобках после каждого предло­ жения, укажите номер, соответствующий переводу выделенной грамматиче­ ской формы:

equipment to be installed will be more complex (1 . которое нуж­ но установить; 2 . установленное; 3. устанавливаемое). 3. There are some types of propellants used in solid-propellant engines -(1 . которые нужно использовать; 2 . используются; 3. используе­ мых). 4. The spaceship to be designed will use one of these two forms of propulsion (1 . сконструированный; 2 . который будет сконструирован; 3. конструируется). 5. The data obtained are to

3. которые будут использоваться). 2. The engineer to test this equipment will have to be careful (1 . должен испытывать; 2. ко­ торый должен испытывать; 3. испытывает). 3. The engineer is to find a failure in the furbopump assembly (1 . обнаруживает; 2. ко­ торый должен обнаружить; 3. должен обнаружить). 4. Power

диться в действие; 2. который должен приводиться в действие; 3. приводится в действие). 6. Orbital stations to be constructed should include research laboratories (1 . должны быть созданы; 2 . создаются; 3. которые будут созданы).

100. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, содержащих инфинитив

вфункции определения. Переведите все предложения:1

1. A Mars expedition will have to be performed from a low “departure orbit” around the earth. 2 . Chemical missiles to be used for defense purposes and for scientific probes will be produced during a certain period. 3. We know the shape of the motor to be often determined by such factors as missile require­ ments and burning lime. 4. The crew to use these devices must

he able to repair them in case of failure. 5. Storable propellants

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are propellants to be stored within the missile without chemical decomposition of either the propellant or the tank. 6. At a high altitude the resistance of the air is to be greatly reduced and hence less time is required to.boost the missile. 7. The equipment to be mounted will be more complex and will need more monito­ ring and maintenance. 8. We believe all the systems to be employed in a most effective possible way. 9. There are several designs to be compared for adopting the most advanced version. 10. As a result of the flight extensive information on the processes in the active areas of the sun had to be obtained, li. We can assume that the spaceship to be designed for this particular voyage will have high-energy chemical engines or nuclear engines. 12. The engineers expect nuclear engines to provide nearly twice the “specific impulse" of high-energy chemical engines. 13. The speed to be acquired by a spacecraft to reach the moon must be a trifle less than the earth’s escape velocity. 14. The place of departure to be selected for interplanetary voy­ ages must be thoroughly investigated.

101. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, содержащих герундий

вфункции подлежащего. Переведите все предложения:

1.Adding a few crew members can give the expedition more favourable conditions for research activity. 2. Using this propel­ lant combination the designer wanted to increase the specific impulse. 3. Reaching another planet takes more than the earth’s escape velocity. 4. Imparting additional energy over the minimum required for a given flight increases the engine size and launch weight of the vehicle needed to accomplish the flight. 5. Providing a maintenance of the gear regularly the operator enhanced its lifetime. 6. Determining the relative position between the missile and the target is of extreme importance in the navigation of long-range surface-to-surface missiles. 7. .Orbiting observatories are spaced at equal distances over the equator. 8. Overheating an engine is prevented by providing a cooling system.

102.Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод союза

“since":1

1.Since these assemblies are more complex, they need regular maintenance. 2. Since the jet engine is a powerful source of

energy, it is widely used for vehicles flying at supersonic speed. 3. The replacement of crew members of the Mars expedition may take place, since any crew member may become sick. 4. This engine is referred to as an internal combustion engine, since its fuel is burned within its cylinders or combustion chamber. 5. Since a failure of any component of an engine may put it out of operation, the engine must be thoroughly checked up before exploitation. 6. Since the atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitudes, the thrust will " increase if the rocket is

propelled at a higher altitude. 7. Since chemical batteries are extremely heavy, they cannot be used when weight is the main requirement.

batteries as well as atomic batteries must be thoroughly tested before being adopted for use in space. 4. Most of the concepts presented in the discussion are applicable to nuclear as well as chemical rockets. 5. 'The problems of monitoring space vehicles as well as the problems of their guidance are to be discussed at the coming symposium. 6. The temperature inside the combustion chamber as well as the molecular weight of the exhaust gases will affect the specific impulse of the rocket.

104. Переведите, обращая внимание на значение префикса “inter-”:

1. interplanetary; 2. interstellar; 3. intercontinental; 4. inter­ action; 5. interorbital; 6. interchangeable; 7. interconnection;

8.interdependent; 9. interrelation; 10. interchange

105.Укажите, с какими заимствованными русским языком словами ас­ социируются английские слова:1

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107.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1.a maintenance of the turbopump assembly; 2. to cease powered maneuvers; 3. to compare average velocities of the vehicles; 4. a sizable gear; 5. slightly less than the escape velocity; 6. cargo rockets to be used; 7. a duration of an inter­ planetary voyage; 8. the closest approach to the earth; 9. to

monitor a life-support system; 10. a place of departure to be chosen; 11. to increase the specific impulse; 12. a predictable failure; 13. a permanently changing temperature; 14. the sole power source; 15. the most favourable conditions

108.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1.The astronauts must be able to monitor their life-support ^systems. 2. The operator is to make the 'adjustment of the equipment during a short period of time. 3. An interplanetary

Voyage to be performed in future must be thoroughly prepared. 4. Using nuclear engines will provide the required specific impulse. 5. A spinning compartment to be used will provide artificial gravity. 6. Sizable launchers can be employed at these firing sites. 7. The return flight must be made only when the planet and the earth are in rather favourable positions in their orbits. 8. Orbital stations to be used for interplanetary flight must include well-equipped laboratories. 9. Some of crew members are expected to be replaced during an interplanetary voyage. 10. The spacecraft to be launched will enter a circumso­ lar orbit.

109. Найдите в тексте “Problems of Landing on Mars” ответы на во­ просы:1

1.From what parts will the interplanetary ship be assembled?

2.What crew may a Mars expedition require?

3.What can adding a few crew members give the expedition?

4.What specific impulse will using nuclear engines provide?

5.How many days does a typical one-way flight to the moon

require?

6. When must the return flight from another planet be made?

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УРОК 8

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

112. Прочтите. Укажите формы сослагательного наклонения. Переведите предложения:

that this engine provide the required specific impulse. 5. It was demanded that any orbital station include well-equipped laboratories. 6. It is desirable that a reliable radio communication should be established in this region. 7. The engineer suggested that we should make the necessary’ adjustment of the equipment. 8. It is desirable that certain lunar conditions should be provided on the ground. 9., Without perfect propellants it would be impossible to produce a high thrust. 10. Adding a few crew members would give the expedition better possibilities for scientific research. 11. It would be necessary to produce a special power source for this rocket. 12. If the earth were perfectly spherical and had no atmosphere, it would be much easier to compute satellite orbits. 13. If any failure in the assembly were found, we should take necessary measures. 14. If the directional antenna were used, the system could operate much better. 15. If the equipment were more complex, it might need more mainte­ nance. 16. If the spacecraft, remained in the vicinity of the planet, it would either go into orbit or land upon the surface of the planet. 17. If we had a more powerful solar battery, we could launch this probe. 18. If the engineers had had more powerful equipment, they would have carried out the research much earlier. 19. If the first satellite had not been launched, manned spaceflights would not have been possible. 20. If there were

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