книги / Английский язык

23. Переведите, обращая внимание на значения префиксов “рге-” и “ге-”:

1.condition, pre-condition; 2. to determine, to predetermine,

predetermined; 3. launch, prelaunch; 4. flight, preflight; 5. to set, to pre-set, pre-set; 6. to heat, to preheat; 7. to form, to reform;

atmosphere; 8. until the payload descended; 9. until the propel­

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26. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1. empty tanks; 2. the overall weight of the propellant; 3. during the propelled flight; 4. expenditure of energy; 5. exhaust gases; 6. moving from the launch pad to the target; 7. to provide fpr burnout conditions; 8. injection of the missile into the prede­

27.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1.The periods of propulsion and of re-entry are very impor­ tant. 2. At some point the payload is to re-enter the atmosphere.

3.The purpose of a long-range ballistic missile is to carry a payload. 4. The first section of the trajectory is known as the propelled flight. 5. During the flight the vehicle is affected by accelerations and decelerations. 6. The task was to minimize the

overall weight’ of the engine. 7. The problem is to reduce the large power plant weight. 8. Burnout is the point in the trajec­ tory of the missile when the propellant is exhausted or cut off. 9. During the re-entry phase the payload is subjected to decele­ ration. 10. The payload follows the free-flight trajectory until it reaches the target.

28. Найдите в тексте “Trajectories of Long-Range Ballistic Missiles” от­ веты на вопросы:1

1.What is the purpose of a long-range ballistic missile?

2.How many sections is a trajectory of a long-range ballistic missile divided into?

3.Is the first section of a long-range ballistic missile known

as the propelled flight?

4.What is burnout?

5.Where is the injection point?

6.When can the payload be separated, if required?

7.What is the payload subjected to during the re-entry phase?

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30. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

Propulsion in Space

It is well known that the only means of propulsion in outer space is some type of rocket. As stated in Newton’s laws of motion, one mass can be accelerated only by having a force push between 1 it and another mass. In space the second mass must be carried aboard the vehicle. This is the fundamental' principle of rocketry. There are four basic types of power plants. Some of them have been used for many years and have been perfected. Some of them are in the development. In the first type, the pro­ pellant gas is accelerated by heat energy generated by chemical reactions. This is the most fully developed system and is the one used in all rockdts fired at present. Another type involves accele­

exhaust velocities, the achievable, velocity is limited only by the heat resistance of the structural materials.

Using pure 3 hydrogen, exhaust velocities of 6,000 meters per

is an electrical operation in which the propellant can be conver­ ted to ions accelerated by electric fields, or by combined electric

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an integral part; vehicle’ ['vi:ikl], the multi-stage vehicle; oxidizer ['oksidaizaj, to contain an oxidizer, propellants containing oxidizers; turbopump ['tahoupAmp], a turbopump assembly; to control [kan'troul], to control the missile flight, control signals from a guidance system; whether ['we5a], whether liquid or not; hydraulic [hai'dro:lik], hydraulic power, a hydraulic system; mechanism ['mekamzam], the arming mechanism; to duplicate

TE XT

COMPONENTS OF THE BALLISTIC MISSILE

The engineers consider the ballistic missile to consist of several major parts: a propulsion system, propellants for that system, storage tanks for the propellants,- a structure which is able to impart the propulsive thrust to the payload, a guidance system, auxiliary power supplies, and a payload. The propellant storage tanks and the general structure are often known as the

Both the single-stage vehicle and each stage of the two-stage vehicle contains a rocket engine, two propellant tanks, one for fuel and the other for oxidizer. A turbopump assembly drives the propellants from the tanks to the engines. These assemblies consist of a fuel pump and a propellant pump driven by a tur­ bine. The missile is controlled in flight by a control system which operates thrust vector steering devices. The control signals are generated as a result of commands from a guidance system which determines whether or not the vehicle is on the correct path to reach" its target. An auxiliary power supply supplies electrical

equipment. When a two-stage vehicle is used, some but not all of these subsystems are duplicated in first and second stages.

The first and second stages of a typical two-stage solid-pro­ pellant ballistic vehicle contain a solid-propellant rocket motor. This motor consists of a solid-propellant charge and an exhaust nozzle system. It has a thrust termination system to cut off the thrust when the desired velocity has been reached for the payload. In addition, it has a thrust vector control which .can direct the thrust for trajectory control.

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As with the liquid-propellant missiles, flight control is obtai­ ned through the use of a control system which operates the thrust vector steering device. The control signals are generated as a result of commands from a guidance system which determines whether or not the vehicle is on the correct path to reach its target. An auxiliary power supply supplies electrical and hydraulic power for subsystems within the vehicle. The re-entry body contains the warhead, the fuze, the arming mechanism, the safety mechanism, and the re-entry guidance equipment. In some respects the solid-propellant vehicle is simpler than its liquidpropellant counterpart.

pump, re-entry body, respect: in respect to, safety mechanism, steering' device, storage tank, subsystem, thrust termination system, turbopump

v assemble, control, desire, impart a auxiliary, integral, solid

cj whether

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

34. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, содержащих сложное до­ полнение. Переведите все предложения:

1., The students should know the total impulse to be the product of thrust and firing duration. 2. The turbojet engine is employed to propel certain guided missiles and aircraft in the high subsonic speed range. 3. The engineers consider the shapes of the motor to be often determined by such factors as missile requirements. 4. We know an auxiliary power supply to provide electrical and hydraulic power for the various devices and subsystems within the vehicle. 5. The vehicle must follow a strictly predetermined trajectory to reach the desired target with a minimum consumption of propellant. 6. For mechanically driven pumps the only practical method of operation is to drive them by turbines. 7. We assume the power section of a rocket motor to be divided into three parts: the propellant injectors, combus­ tion chamber and expansion nozzle. 8. For solid-propellant rocket engines the propellant containing both fuel and oxidizer is to be housed in the combustion chamber. 9. You should know the re-entry body to contain the warhead, the fuze, the arming mechanism and the re-entry guidance equipment. 10. They wanted long-range missiles to be employed against fixed targets over distances ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 miles*. 11. We expect

* mile — миля. (статутная = 1,609 км: морская = 1,853 км\

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this short range guided missile, to be directed into the desired tra­ jectory without any form of radio or radar transmission. 12. You should know the propellant storage tanks and the general structure of a ballistic missile to be called the airframe. 13. Gy­

re-entry body which houses, protects, and transports the explo­ sive warhead during the flight through space and high-speed re-entry into the atmosphere. 15. The students should know the re-entry body to be separated from the airframe after the propul­ sion period or propelled flight of the ballistic missile and then to follow a ballistic trajectory through space towards the target. 16. They know the airframe of a ballistic missile to be often defined as the assembled components which support the different systems and subsystems integral to the missile. 17. A thrust termination system is used to cut off the thrust when the desired velocity has been reached for the payload.

35. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, в которых выделенное сло­

2. During the period of propelled flight the payload forms a part of the complete ballistic vehicle. 3. When the launch point and the target of the ballistic missile have been established the trajectory curve still cannot be determined until some other parameters are also defined. 4. We launch ballistic missiles vertically for several reasons. 5. The vertical launch also enables the missile to rise through the dense atmosphere at relatively low velocity so that aerodynamic heating does not raise any problems. 6. Cutoff is the time at which the rocket engine, ceases to burn. 7. The thrust termination system is to cut off the thrust when the desired velocity has been reached for the payload. 8. The tremendous deceleration of a re-entering body and the aerodynamic heating effects give measurable conditions which can be used for arming and fuzing requirements. 9. All these launchings were aimed at

'Л

rocket fully you must define whether the rocket is equipped with a solidor liquid-propellant engine. 3. Whether it will be economical to use missiles for transportation of cargo and people

by radio equipment on the ground. 5. Short-range missiles may be used against targets whether they are fixed or moving. 6. The modern ballistic missile, whether shortor long-range follows the same type of trajectory. 7. The ballistic vehicle whether it is a single-stage rocket vehicle or a large multi-stage rocket vehicle has negligible mass compared with the mass of the Earth itself. 8. The control system watches whether the missile follows the predetermined path to reach the target.

37. Переведите без словаря глаголы и существительные:

1.to exhaust, an exhaust; 2. to descend, a descent; 3. to

deceleration; 12. to contain, container

38. Переведите, обращая внимание на значение префикса “sub-”:

1. a system, a subsystem; 2, a division, a subdivision; 3. to divide, to subdivide; 4. a group, a subgroup; 5. a station, a sub­ station; 6. sonic, subsonic; 7. a missile, a submissile; 8. a war­ head, a subwarhead

39. Переведите, обращая внимание на значения отрицательных префиксов “de-” и “dis-”:

1.to accelerate, to decelerate; 2. to code, to decode; 3. to

40. Укажите дробью синонимы (синонимичные сочетания): к каждому слову (сочетанию) из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):

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41. Укажше дробью антонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (чис­ литель) подберите его антоним из правой (знаменатель):

42. Укажите, с какими заимствованными русским языком словами ас­ социируются английские слова:

mechanism

44. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1.to control a path of the missile; 2. the re-entry body

consisting of the warhead, the fuze and' the arming mechanism; 3. subsystems used in the first and second stages; 4. empty storage

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