книги / Английский язык

tanks; 5. an auxiliary assembly; 6. a solid propellant; 7. in respect to the size of the airframe; 8. to impart the propulsive thrust to the payload; 9. to assemble the airframe; 10. an integral part of the re-entry body; 11. to perform the guidance; 12. the use of an oxidizer; 13. whether liquid or solid

45. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1. We consider the re-entry body to be a main subsystem of the ballistic missile. 2. The re-entry body is to move towards the target. 3. The control signals are generated as a result of com­ mands from a guidance system. 4. An auxiliary power supply is

to give electric energy to various devices. 5. We know the mainstructure of the missile to be called the airframe. 6. The task of the student was to assemble and disassemble a pump. 7. You should know each stage of the two-stage liquid propellant vehicle to contain a rocket engine and two storage tanks. 8. The engineers consider a propulsive system to be a main part of the missile. 9. The combustion gases leave the engine through the exhaust nozzle. 10. The steering device is an integral part of any guided missile.

46. Найдите в тексте "Components of the Ballistic Missile" ответы на вопросы:

1. How is the airframe of the ballistic missile defined?

2.What does a turbopump assembly do?

3.What do the turbopump assemblies consist of? •4. How is the missile controlled in flight?

6.Do you know the re-entry body to contain the warhead, the fuze and the arming mechanism?

7.For what purpose has a rocket motor a thrust termination system?

8.What does a guidance system determine?

9.Is the solid-propellant vehicle simpler than its liquid-pro­ pellant counterpart?

47.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

Some Characteristics of Guided Missile Components

All guided missiles must contain certain components in order to perform their functions. The missile must have a body

The component which moves the airframe is the propulsion system, or power plant. The component which makes the vehicle a real guided missile is the guidance system. If the missile is to

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Each second several hundred kilogrammes of fuel and oxidizer are injected into the combustion chamber through special injectors. This work is performed by a special assembly, called turbopump unit, located between the propellant storage tanks and the combustion chamber.

When the engine is in operation, the pressure inside the chamber may reach 50—60 atmospheres and the temperature 3,000—3,500° C. How can the materials withstand such a fantas­ tic temperature? The designers found a very clever solution for this. The. combustion chamber is double-walled, much like the cooling jacket of an automobile engine. Only instead of water,

Modern rockets are now equipped with solid-propellant engi­ nes as well. A solid mixture of fuel and oxidizer prepared in the form of blocks is filled into the rocket body, which in this case works as the combustion chamber.

2 П. И. Старостин

УРОК 4

instrumentation. 8. The rocket is expected to drop smoothly to the Earth. 9. The steering device is thought to be an integral part of any guided missile. 10. The Moon is known to be the largest satellite of the solar system. 11. Single-stage rockets proved to be a means for launching payloads into a simple trajectory. 12. This satellite is certain to supply information on the earth radiation. 13. Three or more stages appeared to be necessary to achieve the required velocities to launch a minimum mass. 14. This propellant seemed to be suitable for a rocket engine. 15. This device turned out to be used in the latest designs of rockets. 16. The rocket engines are known to be divided into the main classes — the solid-propellant engines and the liquidpropellant engines. 17. Guided missiles are known to be divided into several classes depending on their launching method and type of the target, lfc. In modern long-range ballistic missiles

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burned in an oxidizer. The oxidizer can be carried either separately as in liquid propellants or mixed with the fuel as with solid propellants. The fuel and oxidizer are known as propel­ lants. In a liquid-propellant engine they are injected into the combustion chamber. In. a solid-propellant motor, the propellant storage tank and the combustion chamber are one and the same.

possess large amounts of energy, moving rapidly in all directions

directed as uniformly as possible, in a direction away from the thrust chamber.

In exhausting through the expansion nozzle, the random motion of the gas particles is changed to a more directional motion. The gas emerges as a high-velocity stream from the thrust chamber.

The four components of a liquid-propellant engine are: 1 ) the feed system which is used to move jthe propellants from their storage tanks into the combustion chamber, 2 ) the thrust chamber where the propellants are burned and then expelled at

Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

1 . This satellite was reported to have supplied information on the general structure of the ionosphere. 2 . In recent years the Soviet Union is known to have investigated the radio waves emitted by the Moon on frequencies within the range of 13—

35 cm. 3. Soviet scientists are considered to have done much for

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the development of astronautics. 4. World meteorological centers are known to have been set up in Moscow and Washington and a direct communication channel has been established between them. 5. Two servo systems were considered to have been used during the powered flight to control position and velocity of this ballistic missile.. 6. The design of a rocket propulsion is believed to have been perfected.

52. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, содержащих инфинитив — часть сложного подлежащего. Переведите все предложения:

1. Propellants which are used in rocket vehicles are believed to be stored in either solid or liquid form. 2. The liquid rocket engine is known to consist of the combustion chamber, the feed system and the control system. 3. The turbojet engine is employ­ ed to propel certain guided missiles and aircraft in the high subsonic speed range. 4. We know the combustion chamber to be cooled by the oxidizer passing through a coolant space before

developed from combustion of fuel with the oxidizer. 6. A num­ ber of messages were known to be sent to the satellite where they were recorded and returned to the Earth at various points within the range of its radio-transmitters. 7. The observers are trained to recognize every object in the sky which they will see during the period of about 2 hours. 8. The orbits of the Soviet and American satellites are reported to be inclined approximately 25° to the polar plane. 9. Modern radar systems prove to be able to indicate the velocity of the aircraft with respect to the earth’s surface. 10. We were recommended to record the observations with the exact time of the passage of the satellite. 11. Some of the gas is certain to escape through an orifice into the region of lower pressure outside the chamber. 12. The thrust chamber is considered to be cooled by the passage of fuel through many, tubes making up its walls. 13. Rocket and missile development since 1930 is known to have resulted in launching instrumenta­ tion and manned vehicles into space. 14. They suppose most modern rocket motors to employ regenerative cooling in which the fuel must circulate around the combustion chamber and nozzle before it is injected for burning. 15. The speed of the reaction is found to be affected by the temperature of the propellant and the ambient temperature. 16. This satellite was designed to supply information on the general structure of the ionosphere. 17. The jet velocity of a rocket engine is considered to be the velocity at which the gases are ejected from the nozzle. 18. A missile is to be designed for the trajectory which it is expected to follow. 19. The powered flight of the ballistic missile appears to depend upon the energy that must be imparted to the payload.

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53. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, в которых выделенное сло­ во является сказуемым. Переведите все предложения:

rotating crews. 6. A ballistic missile flies the greater part of its trajectory as a freely thrown body; this means that it is acted upon only by two forces: the earth’s gravitation and the resistance

to be stored in either solid or liquid form. 2. Launching of a missile is carried out either from-open ground emplacements or from underground silos. 3. The release of heat away from the vehicle can* be accomplished'either by the action of strong shock waves or by radiation .of heat away from the hot surface of the vehicle. 4. Short-range missiles may be used against either fixed or moving targets. 5. Such satellite can contain either television cameras or photographic equipment for transmitting pictures to the Earth. 6. The oxidizer can be carried either separately as in liquid propellants or mixed with the fuel as with solid propel­

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57. К каждому словосочетанию подберите русский эквивалент:

directed motions; 4. to possess high kinetic energy; 5 an ambient pressure; 6. to arise from the reaction to the acceleration; 7. to employ an expansion nozzle; 8. the respectively changing thrust; 9. to bring about a supersonic stream; 10. to expel gases at high velocity; 1 1 . a region of lower pressure; 12. the gas emerged as a high velocity stream from the thrust chamber

59. ГТрочтите и переведите без словаря:

1. The propellant mixture is triggered and produces a heatreleasing chemical reaction. 2. The random motion of molecules

has to be directed as uniformly as possible. 3. An expansion ^nozzle is known to be. used to produce a supersonic exhaust stream. 4. The propellants must be stored in either solid or liquid form. 6. The storage tanks are replenished from time to time; 6. The gas is expected to escape through an orifice into the

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region of lower pressure. 7. In a liquid-propellant engine the propellants are injected into the combustion, chamber. 8. These molecules seem to possess great amount of energy.

60. Найдите в тексте "Rocket Engine" ответы на вопросы:

1. What is'acceleration of the propellant mass in the rocket engines brought about by?

2. In what form can propellants in rocket vehicles be stored?

3.How can the oxidizer be carried?

4.What motion is the random motion of the gas particles changed to in exhausting through the expansion nozzle?

5. How many basic components of a liquid rocket engine are there?

6.How is the propellant mixture triggered?

7.What reaction does the propulsive action of the rocket engine arise from?

8.Are the combustion chamber and expansion nozzle together known as the thrust chamber?

61.К каждому слову подберите русский эквивалент:

62. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

General Characteristics of the Turbojet Engine

This engine is known to consist of a diffuser *, a mechanical compressor, a combustion chamber, a mechanical turbine, and an exhaust nozzle. The function of the diffuser is to transform

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