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ship to another, when spacecraft are repaired in flight, etc.* Belyayev and Leonov’s flight showed that an astronaut, wearing a special spacesuit with an autonomous life-support sys­ tem, can leave the ship, move freely in outer space and work

there.

A distinguishing feature of this flight was also the use of manual controls during the ship’s descent to the Earth, an opera­ tion which was brilliantly performed by first pilot Pavel Belyayev.

Glancing back at the initial stage of space flights, one should note that approximately a year after Gagarin’s flight an Ameri­

prpgrammes. When the Gemini project was developed, the walk in space was repeated, and the rendezvous of spaceships was achieved,-the duration of flight being extended to two weekst Comparing the first manned flight with any present one, we must emphasize that the duration of flights has greatly increased.

By the second half of 1965 the maximum altitude of flight of American manned spaceships had reached 346 km. The USA, which had at its disposal less powerful carrier rockets than the

respectively.

One should say that a characteristic feature of all the flights of Soviet astronauts was that some new problem was tackled each time. Due to this approach it was feasible to settle in a comparatively short period of time a large number of very important questions involved in man’s stay in outer space. Next to come will be longer space flights during which the astronauts will have to work actively inside and outside the ship. The problems arising cannot be solved by merely “photographing” the reactions that will occur during space flight. It is becoming increasingly apparent that there is a need for studying the intricate internal mechanisms that enable the body to adapt itself to the new conditions in different stages of the flight, as well as a need for a precise quantitative analysis of biological pheno­ mena associated with the influence of outer space factors.

The length of astronauts’ stay in the conditions of weight­ lessness and intensified radiation of outer space will increase. Whereas formerly the duration of flight of manned satellites was measured in days, it now comes to weeks. The flights of astro­ nauts who circuit the globe in orbital research stations are of even greater duration.21

1 ranks on a par — стоит в одном ряду 2 etc.— лат. et cetera — и так далее

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Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

пairlock, approach, descent, disposal, multi-seater spaceship, rendezvous, spacesuit, stay

vadapt, occur, repair, restrict, settle, tackle

ship’s descent path; 6. the flight duration; 7. outer space factors; 8. the weightlessness conditions; 9. the coasting flight time

130. Прочтите и переведите предложения, содержащие слова “one (ones)” и “that (those)”:

1. These problems cannot be solved by merely analysing the events that have occurred during this flight. 2, One has to study intricate mechanisms to be able to perform" comparatively simple maneuvers. 3. Summing up the results of the explorations of the Moon made by space rocket systems, one can say that the effort

re-entry body, and one which has become of increasing impor­ tance, is that of ablation or mass transfer. Ъ. The purpose of the pump is to increase the fluid pressure level from that in the tank to that required to establish the thrust chamber pressure. 7. The most useful propellants are those with end products that have a low mean molecular weight. 8. To reach the moon, a spacecraft must acquire a speed that is a trifle less than the earth’s escape velocity. 9. One expects that a manual control during the space­ craft descent to the earth will be employed. 10. The specific impulse of new propellants will be 25 per cent higher than that

similar to the chemical batteries, in principle, represent quite a radical departure in form. 13. The greater part of the power sources was in the jettisonable compartments, only those that operated the deceleration equipment and the probe’s instrumen­ tation after landing were installed in the rocket’s control system compartment and on the probe respectively. 14. Among the

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possible sources of power for engines one has to consider the possibility of applying nuclear energy. 15. Problems that will have, to be tackled before man can get to Mars are not so associated with the spacecraft as with the man himself. 16. An opportunity of sending a spacecraft to Mars occurs only once every two years if the route chosen is to be the shortest one.

131. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемого:

scientific station Salyut 3 had been carried out in its entirety. 5. The task was to land the recoverable apparatus in the prede­

the future will descend vertically into rather small spaces, many flights coming to an end on the top of city sky-scrapers. 9. Present rocket technology relies on high initial speeds which gradually decrease, whereas to acquire half the speed of light, a continuously firing thruster would be needed. 10. If the pro­ jectile is given a horizontal component of velocity this component is not affected by the acceleration of gravity. 11. It should be noted that the optical-mechanical system meets rigid* space requirements in respect to the weight and size of the device, its power consumption and reliability of performance. 12. The designer had to tackle some important problems involved in man’s stay in outer space. 13. A body which is moving in space

the body to do work due to its velocity and its positions. 14. The

the manual and automatic modes of operation, of a high-precision control system, an electromechanical stabilizing system, an autonomous navigation system, power-supply systems with revolving panels of solar batteries, thermal-regulation, life-support and radio communication systems, and also engine systems.

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132. Переведите, обращая внимание на значение префикса “multi-”:

1.multi-seater; 2. multimode; 3. multistaged; 4. multipurpose;

5.multipropellant; 6. multinozzle; 7. multifunction; 8. multi­ phase; 9. multichannel; 10. multinational

133.Переведите прилагательные, обращая внимание на значение суф­ фикса “-less”:

.1. airless; 2. powerless; 3. motionless; 4. weightless; 5. water­ less; 6. lifeless; 7. careless; 8. helpless

134. Укажите дробью антонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его антоним из правой (знаменатель):

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136. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1. a feasible approach to the problem; 2. to settle a large number of comparatively difficult tasks; 3. intricate mechanisms; 4. the rendezvous of ships occurring in space; 5. an apparent need for repairing a compartment; 6. the engineer having a precise analysis at his disposal; 7. to adapt to weightlessness conditions; 8. to use a special airlock; 9. a special spacesuit with an autonomous life-support system; 10. due to proper maintenance

137.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1.The astronaut left the spaceship cabin through a special airlock. 2. One may say that the rendezvous of spaceships was achieved. 3. This problem cannot be solved by merely comparing the results of the experiments. 4. One knows that the weight of the Mercury was about 1.3 tons, and that of Gemini — 3.2 tons, whereas the weights of Vostok and Voskhod were 4.5 tons and

5.3tons respectively. 5. At that time the USA had at its disposal 'less powerful carrier rockets than the USSR. 6. Being in. airless

space, Alexei Leonov was protected only by his spacesuit that had an autonomous life-support system. 7. When the spaceships

ship’s descent to the Earth was performed by first pilot Pavel Belyayev.

138.Найдите в тексте “Walk in Space” ответы на вопросы:

1.Who took the world’s first walk in space?

2.What did Belyayev and Leonov’s flight show?

3.What was a distinguishing feature of this flight?

4.Was the USA greatly restricted in the weight of spaceships

by the second half of 1965?

5.What was the weight of the Mercury?

6.What was the weight of Vostok?

7.When was the walk in space repeated?

8.Will the length of astronauts’ stay in the conditions of weightlessness and intensified radiation of outer space increase?

139.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

Soviet Moon Satellites

Luna 10 was put into orbit round the Moon on April 3, 1966 and became the first artificial Moon satellite. One should say that this experiment was the beginning of a new stage in the exploration of the Moon and lunar space. The rocket carrying Luna 10 was launched on March 31, 1966, first placing Luna 10

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into an artificial Earth satellite orbit with an altitude of 250 km at the apogee and 200 km at the perigee, and boosted the probe’s velocity to 10.87 km per sec. After the liquid jet engine had been started twice for correcting the trajectory and braking1 so as to inject the probe into a lunar orbit, the probe was separated

minimum 350 km. The angle of inclination 21 to the plane of the lunar equator was 71°54' Luna 10 carried instrumentation for determining the radiation and meteorite conditions, the infrared and gamma-ray emissions of the lunar surface, the magnetic field of the Moon and the-concentration of solar plasma in lunar space. The Moon’s gravitation was also investigated.

Luna 11 was put into a lunar orbit on August 28, 1966 to continue the scientific investigations of the Moon and lunar space that had been started by the previous, luniks. The Luna 11 trajec­ tory was similar to that of the Luna 10, but the orbit was inclined 72° to the lunar equatorial plane. The new satellite carried out extensive investigations in a plane close to an equatorial one.

1 braking —торможение

2inclination —наклонение

140.Прочтите и переведите со словарем:

Return from Space

Some missions do not require that any "part of the space vehicle return to Earth. Communications satellites, for instance,

telemeter all the necessary data back to Earth. For vehicles that are not required to return to Earth, only a very modest protec­

is traversing less and less dense atmosphere, and is therefore experiencing less and less heating.

The vehicles that must successfully survive re-entry through the Earth’s atmosphere are:

a)Ballistic missile re-entry vehicles that must deliver a warhead to a target without burning up or disintegrating.

b)Re-entry vehicles containing data of results of space experiments.

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УРОК 10

Гр а м м а т и к а: Бессоюзные придаточные предложения (§ 15) Т е к с т : Soyuz and Apollo Spacecraft

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕУПРАЖНЕНИЯ

141. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод бессоюзных придаточных предложений:

1. The experiment the students have made is of great impor­ tance for the laboratory. 2. The thrust is the force a rocket engine produces. 3. The principle the rocket engine operates upon is Newton’s third law of motion. 4. All the rockets we are using now are divided into several classes. 5. The thrust the propulsion system produces at launching is a very important parameter. 6. The problems of jet propulsion and gas dynamics the students must study are of great importance for future flights. 7. The major changes' in the design the engineers have made will improve the engine operation. 8. The type of the spacecraft we

for the two-man Gemini spacecraft. 10. The main control panels are located in the module the crew occupies during launch into

scientist deals with in his article must be thoroughly studied by rocket engineers. 14. The parts of the system an external pressure acts upon must be protected. 15. A storage tank is the tank the propellants are stored in.

142. Прочтите слова и словосочетания:

to modify ['modifai], modified, a modified version; to manufacture [,maenju'faekt/9], manufactured; unique [ju:'ni:k], a unique mission, a unique modification; cylindrical [siTindrikalj,

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The exact configuration of the vehicle used in the test mission is a modification to the basic Soyuz design including the compa­ tible rendezvous and docking equipment and possibly other requirements unique to the test mission. The compatible rendez­ vous and docking systems include:

Most of the new compatible systems are located on the orbital module. For example, the new docking system is installed on the existing structural docking ring on the front, end of the space­

first several lunar landing missions. The basic spacecraft has been manufactured and checked out. Some modifications were needed as a result of unique mission requirements. The major modifications the designers have made include additional propel­ lants, for the reaction control system, testers for thermal control, and the controls and displays required for the proper operation of the docking module.

The docking module is a cylindrical shaped structure, approxi­ mately 5 ft. in diameter and 10 ft. in length. It serves as an airlock for the internal transfer of crewmen between different atmospheres of the two spacecraft and much of the new compa­ tible equipment is located in this structure. On the forward end of this module, the new peripheral docking system is located. Radio communications, TV docking displays and antennae are also mounted on the module.

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