книги / Английский язык

22. Some years ago, the idea of sending probes to Mars would have been fantastic.

113. Прочтите слова и словосочетания;

uppermost ['Apamoust], the uppermost stage, the receding uppermost stage; compatible [kam'pastabl], compatible with systems; adequate ['aedikwit]; adequate nuclear-fusion processes; to devise [di'vaiz], to devise a roQket mechanism; entire [in'taia], an entire mass, an entire assembly; to bundle ['bAndl], to bundle the beams; ratio ['rei/iou], a mass ratio; universal

staggering concept. It is necessary that a rocket be imparted a-

in which the earth is orbiting at 107,000 feet per second around the sun), it would enter a parabolic flight path and escape from our solar system. From the point of view of power requirements, a needed velocity of 56,000 feet per second (38,000 m.p.h) may not sound too bad. Just one extra stage on the top of the Saturn V would be able to impart that speed to an object of about 8,000 pounds. And if we timed our launching in such a way that the receding uppermost stage would get a suitable “boost assist’’ by Jupiter’s powerful gravitational field, we could eyen double that payload. But if the object coasted, its power spent, on its “uphill”*path out of the pull of the sun’s gravity, its speed would

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even nuclear-fission or nuclear-fusion processes are adequate to produce such speeds.

It would be necessary to devise a rocket mechanism wherein the entire mass, M, of the injected “propellant” were converted

would be a beam of radiation, and the exhaust velocity would of course be equal to the velocity of light, C. The problem is that nobody knows how to build a “photon rocket". By definition a “photon rocket” converts its propellant stream into an extremely powerful light beam. To bundle this beam, some sort of mirror is needed. Even if it had a reflectivity of ninety-nine percent, better

by the light beam. If we overcame the “problems” just described, we should have a rocket capable of “beaming away” a hundred, percent of the mass of its propellant with an exhaust velocity equal to the speed of light. But what could we do with it? If the rocket had a mass , ratio (the ratio between its fully fueled and empty weight) of 3, it could attain 80 percent of the speed of light. With a mass ratio of 10, its terminal velocity would be about 98 percent.

Again we refer to Dr. Einstein. His Theory of Relativity (which has stood the test of many critical experiments and has been universally accepted) shows that the inertia of an object’s mass approaches infinity as the object approaches the speed of light. Hence, it would take infinite power to accelerate an object beyond the “light barrier”.

Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

пmass ratio, span, terminal, trifle, a trifle

vapproach, attain, devise, diminish, elapse, haul, place, recede, stand (stood; stood), time

a compatible, entire, extra, terminal, uppermost auv universally

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

114. Прочтите и переведите предложения, содержащие формы сослага­ тельного наклонения:1

1. If we accelerated the rocket up to a terminal speed of 56,000 feet per second, it would enter a parabolic flight path and escape from our solar system. 2. The exhaust of such a “photon

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rocket” would be a beam of radiation. 3. Much time would elapse before a rocket reached one of the nearest fixed stars. 4. If the rocket had had a mass ratio of 3, it could have attained 80 percent of the speed of light. 5. It would take infinite power to accelerate an object beyond the “light barrier” 6. If the engine were orientated in space during the slowdown according to the calculated trajectory the value of the lateral component of the

drag, it would orbit at any altitude around the earth. 8. Could the research vehicle land on the surface of the planet it would have to communicate with the earth. 9. Were the vehicle operating in a vacuum without gravity, the burnout conditions would be calculated analytically. 10. Under most designs solid-fuel rockets delivering from 400,000 to one million pounds thrust would be clustered to form the large boosters, and three or four stages would be required to form an adequate vehicle. 11. It is desirable that the 'sections of the airframe be simple in structure and easily fabricated. It is also important that the sections be constructed of material which is easy to work. 12. If the earth had a flat surface and were motionless, and if air resistance were neglected, the laws of motion of a ballistic projectile would' be very simple. 13. Had the thrust vector remained parallel to the velocity vector during the .period of acceleration, the accelera­ tion of gravity would have directed towards the earth. 14. Land­ ing on the moon, or on any other celestial body, would require a great deal of circumspection.

115. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, содержащих формы сосла­ гательного наклонения. Переведите все предложения:1

1.It is necessary to devise a special booster for this purpose.

2.One extra, stage on the top of the Saturn V would impart the required speed to that object. 3. If the object coasted on its “uphill” path, its speed would gradually diminish almost to zero.

conditions. 5. The thrust force would have to be programmed as

propellants. 6. You should accelerate a rocket to a certain termi­ nal speed. 7. Non-vertical launchers would hence require higher

properly, we might double the payload,

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116. Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, в которых выделенное слово является сказуемым или его частью. Переведите все предложения:

pull. 2. The radar system ranges within a definite distance. 3. The task of the constructor was to lower the spaceship weight. 4. It is necessary that a rocket be imparted a velocity a trifle more than

a chemical reaction of propellants and thus provided the working

atmosphere causes a gradual reduction of its speed almost to zero. 9. For short burning times which amount to. only a few seconds sometimes no special methods are required to get the liquids out of their tanks. 10. The performance of any vehicle is limited by the total amount of propellant which it can carry.

117. Определите по суффиксам, к каким частям речи относятся слова, и переведите их:

9.slightly”; 10. conventional; 11. thoroughly; 12. permanently

1.18.Укажите дробью синонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):

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119. К каждому словосочетанию подберите русский эквивалент:

120.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1.to diminish the speed almost to zero; 2. to increase a mass ratio; 3,.the universally accepted theory; 4. the time elapsed since

8. new power supplies to be devised in future; 9- adequate systems for producing high thrust; 10. the entire mass of the propellant; 11. to attain a predetermined velocity; 12. payloads to be hauled to the moon by special cargo rockets

121. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1. It is necessary that a rocket be imparted a certain velocity. 2. The velocity of 36,000 feet per second will be required to haul a rocket to the moon. 3. The task was.to accelerate the rocket up to a terminal speed of 56,000 feet per second. 4. To reduce travel time to figures compatible with the life span of man, travel speeds must approach the speed of light. 5. Were this' laboratory used, it would permit to determine the effects of long-time weightlessness. 6. It is required that nuclear rockets, or nuclear-electric rockets, be used only as upper stages. 7. The exhaust velocity of a “photon rocket” would be equal to the velocity of light. 8. If the rocket had a mass ratio of 3, it could

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attain 80 percent of the speed of light. 9. The Theory of Relati­ vity has stood the test of many-experiments. 10, The application of nuclear power is expected to give extra efficiency to propulsion.

122. Найдите в тексте “Some Aspects of Future Travelling to Stars” от­ веты на вопросы:

1.What velocity is needed to haul a rocket to the moon?

2.What flight path would the rocket enter if we accelerated the rocket up to a terminal speed of 56,000 feet per second?

3.How many years would elapse before the rocket reached one of the nearest fixed stars?

produce travel speeds approaching the speed of light?

6.What would the exhaust of a “photon rocket” be?

7.Into what does a “photon rocket” convert its propellant?

8.What does the Theory of Relativity show?

9.What power would it take to accelerate an object beyond the “light barrier”?

123.К каждому слову подберите русский эквивалент:

124. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

Flights to Near Planets

Manned orbiting laboratories must provide ,a possibility for long-time experience with both men and systems in flight near enough to the earth to permit fairly rapid return if any failure

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takes place. Were such a laboratory used, it would permit to determine the effects of very long-time weightlessness and to monitor systems in real operating conditions. All this information would be extremely important for manned expeditions to Venus and other planets. Flights to near planets will depend upon new

hydrogen would be heated directly by flowing through a nuclear reactor. Practical use of the extremely high values of specific impulse will require that the nuclear rockets, or nuclear-electric rockets, be used only as upper stages. This results from the possibility of atmospheric contamination 3 by using large nuclear stages at ground level and from the fact that the basic dry weights4 of nuclear systems are likely to be very large in compa­

increase or decrease velocity and not overcome the gravitational field of the earth directly.

1 launch systems — ракеты-носители

2working fluid — рабочее тело

3contamination — заражение

4dry weights — вес без топлива

125.Прочтите и переведите со словарем:

Beyond the Solar System

Theoretically all matter is limited by the speed of light (5,880 billion miles a year). If we could even reach half that velocity a voyage to the nearest star would still take over eight years.

still, the possibility of constructing giant parabolic mirrors in space off which photons would be bounced. Photons are conside­ red to be particles of light so they travel at the speed of light. The principle of the photonic motor is to produce atomic particles

emission of a great deal of radiant energy in the form of photons.

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УРОК 9

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

126. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод слова "one (ones)’’:

1. The second source was more powerful than,the first one.

2.- Short-range missiles may be used against fixed targets or moving ones over distances less than 600 miles. 3. One must know that a liquid-rocket engine consists of three main parts—> the combustion chamber, the’feed system and the control system.

4.One may say that guided missiles are divided into several classes depending on their launching method and type of target.

5.To characterize a rocket fully one must define whether the rocket is equipped with a solid-propellant engine or a liquidpropellant' one. 6. One has to know that fuel and oxidizer are injected into the combustion chamber. 7. The rocket engines are known to be divided into two main classes — the solid-propellant engines and the liquid-propellant ones. 8. One should know that the velocity of 36,000 feet per second will be required to haul a rocket to the moon. 9. One can say that nuclear reactors will be used for space travel in future. 10. By the end of this century there will be more than 10,000 earth, lunar and other satellites. Mdst will be automatic unmanned ones, others will be manned.

127.Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод слова "that (those)”:1

1.One of the most difficult control problems is that associated with the launching of multi-stage rocket vehicles. 2. We suppose

that launching of a satellite missile is not greatly different from that of a long-range ballistic missile. 3. The power necessary to

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drive the turbine is usually obtained from the gas generator that generates gases by a chemical reaction of propellants similar to those in rocket motors. 4. The loads that the structure has to carry determine its characteristics. 5. The gases are expelled from the turbine with a pressure higher than that of the atmo­ sphere. 6. The efficiency of a fuel cell is two times greater than that of a conventional power source. 7. A guided missile that is launched from an aircraft and directed into a ground target is known as an air-to-surface missile. 8. A rocket is defined as a device that produces a propulsive jet from material carried within itself. 9. Fuel cells that had been used provided electric power for the two-man Gemini spacecraft. 10. The problems of monitoring'space vehicles as well as those of their guidance are very important.

128. Прочтите слова и словосочетания:

multi- ['тлШ], multi-seater, multi-stage; autonomous [o/tonamas’J, autonomous life-support system; diverse [dai'va:s], diverse operations, diverse mechanisms; to wear [waa], we&ring, wearing a special spacesuit; to distinguish [dis'tirjgwi/], distinguishing, a distinguishing feature of the flight; manual [Tnaenjual], manual control, manual control during the descent period; rendezvous ['rondivu:], the rendezvous of spaceships; to emphasize ['emfasaiz], to emphasize the importance of rendez­ vous; mere [mia], merely; to occur [a'ka:], spacecraft rendezvous occurring during the flight; intricate [Tntrikit], intricate internal mechanisms; precise [pri'sais], precise analysis, precise analysis of biological phenomena; to associate [a'sou/ieit], precise analysis associated with, these factors, phenomena associated with the influence of outer space factors

TEXT

WALK IN SPACE

The flight of Voskhod 2, the second multi-seater spaceship, was also a qualitatively new stage. It was during this flight that Alexei Leonov took the world’s first walk in space. He left the

involved in space research, a person must be able to work in the conditions of airless space while being outside the ship.

This will be necessary when astronauts move from one space-

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