(Cauchy) and compatibility equations (St. Venant). These general equations (of equilibrium and geometric relationships) are applicable to any media, but are in­ sufficient to analyze stresses and deformations in continuous and, especially, in discontinuous media. To solve problems in geomechanics, it is essential, in addition, to know the special features of the mechanical properti'es of rock and their physical equations of state with the stress level and the loading conditions taken into con­ sideration.

Here, within definite limits, use can be made of the principal equations of elas­ ticity theory, creep theory and the theory of plasto-viscous flow. This proves suffi­ cient for solving problems in the geomechanics of continuous massive crystalline rock. But for discontinuous soils and rock (fissured-block rock; single-, twoand multiphase soils and organomineral masses), additional relationships that take their properties into account are required:

for rock— the criterion of quasi-continuity and the criterion of fissure inter­ stices;

for multiphase soils— equations of compressiblity, pore water permeability, contact shear strength and structural phase deformability; fundamental principles: of effective stresses, of interaction of the soil skeleton and gas-containing pore wa­ ter, of limiting equilibrium and of a constant sum of total stresses in the conso­ lidation process;

for organomineral masses— the mineralization equation (in addition to the re­ lationships for multiphase soils).

C h a p t e r 3

The Problems of Applied Geomechanics and Their Solution

Using specific problems of applied geomechanics as examptej this chapter de­ monstrates the possibility of applying quantitative methods from the mechanics of deformable continuous media to the prediction of geomechanical processes in geo­ logical media, taking into consideration their interaction with structures.

General problems of applied mechanics in engineering and construction prac­ tice are expounded. These include: an evaluation of the stressed-strained state of rock massifs subject to the action of surface and body forces, and problems in assessing the effects of large-scale hydrotechnical and mini’ng construction on the

geomechanical processes.

The chapter concludes with problems concerning the applied geomechanics of fold-mountain regions.

C h a p t e r 4

Consolidation and Creep of Multiphase Soils

in Applied Geomechanics

This chapter presents the basic principles and equations in the mechanics of multiphase soils. Formulations and solutions are given for problems of consolidati­ on, taking into account creep and skeleton ageing, as well as the compressibility of the pore liquid.

Also considered are the solutions of consolidation problems for the engineering prediction of pore pressure and the deformation of soils i'n the bases of structures on the basis of the equivalent layer method proposed by N. A. Tsytovich.

Examples are given of solutions for problems of applied geomechanics related to the theory of consolidation and creep of multiphase soils and to the prediction of the stressed-strained state of multiphase soil massifs.

C h a p t e r 5

Employing Applied Geomechanics for Extremely

Complex Conditions

This chapter sets forth the problems of applied geomechanics that arise in building structures in regions where structurally unstable soils prevail (silts, peats, varved clays, frozen and thawing soils, permafrost, loess and swelling soils).

Presented on the basis of the temperature-moisture anology are the principal moisture-elasticity equations, as well as solutions of problems for evaluating the stressed-strained state of swelling soil massifs when subject to moistening (wetting) which is nonuniform in space and time.

Concisely dealt with are the basic problems of applied geomechanics in largescale constructure on thermally unstable soils and permafrost. Two basic prin­

tors that influence the mechanical properties and state of rock and, for the first time data obtained on the cosmomechanics of rock from certain planets of the So­

Антропогенный фактор — 3 Влагоупругость — 257, 259

Возбужденное землетрясение — 103 Геодинамика — 13

Геодинамические напряжения — 23, 131 Геологическая среда— 15, 89 Геомеханика — 5

—глобальная и региональная— 12

—прикладная — 16

Геомеханический процесс— 15, 28, 33, 34

—эндогенный — 16, 18, 28, 31

—экзогенный — 15, 16,' 25, 28, 30, 33

—прогнозирование — 37

Геостатические напряжения — 21, 131 Гидрогеомеханика — 13

Глубинная ползучесть склонов— 140 Дилатансия— 103, 104 Изостазия — 18

Квазидвухфазный грунт— 151, 156 Квазиоднофазный грунт— 149, 150, 151, 152 Квазисплошности критерий — 65 Квазиоднородности критерий — 65 Концентрация тектонических напряжений— 100

Консолидация многофазного грунта — 61, 62, 75, 143, 149, 197 Космомеханика горных пород — 279, 282, 285 Коэффициент запаса прочности— 107 Критическая влажность трещинообразования — 262

Критическое напряжение трещинообразования — 262 Критическое давление скальных пород — 65

—начальное — 65, 66

—предельное — 65, 66

Критическое сопротивление сдвигу — 69 Минерализация органических пород — 78, 79 Многофазный грунт — 61, 62, 73, 143, 144, 149 Модуль общей деформации — 66, 67

Напряженное состояние в земной коре — 25, 100, 101, 107, 130

— концентрация напряжений — 25, 100, 101, 122, 126, 137

— трансформация напряжений— 101, 141 Начальный градиент напора — 147, 233, 148, 236

Оседание (поднятие) земной поверхности — 90, 96, 127, 128, 132, 197, 201, 203 Ползучесть грунтов — 56, 57„ 81, 152, 165

—наследственная — 57, 58, 165, 168

—старение— 152, 161, 164, 165

—течение — 58, 59, 206— 214

—релаксация— 187, 190, 253

Приведенный модуль объемного сжатия— 104, 149, 150 Приведенный коэффициент Пуассона— 104, 149, 150 Принцип эффективных напряжений — 71, 144

■— эффективное давление — 71

— пбровое давление — 71, 103

Рельефный фактор — 25, 99, 102, 103, 105 Сжимаемая пбровая жидкость — 72, 143, 144, 146, 231

Старение скелета грунта — 161, 164, 165 Структурная неустойчивость — 81, 85, 216— 218, 222, 230

—температурная — 217

—влажностная — 240— 245, 246, 252 Структурная прочность — 152, 153 Трещинная пустотность — 64 Устойчивость массива — 39

—кратковременная — 39, 135, 140

—длительная — 39, 40, 136, 141, 142

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

6.5. Дальнейшие перспективы исследованийпокосмомеханнке горных пород 307

Николай Александрович Цытович Завен Григорьевич Тер-Мартиросян

ОСНОВЫ

п р и к л а д н о й г е о м е х а н и к и

В СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ

Зав. редакцией В. Г. А к а т о в а Редактор Н. Н. Б о р о д и н а Младший редактор Г. К. И о н о в а Художник Ф. Н. Б у д а н о в

Художественный редактор Т. А. Д у р а с о в а Технический редактор Р. С. Р о д и ч е в а Корректор Г. И. К о с т р н к о в а

Издательство «Высшая школа», Москва, К-51, Неглинная ул„ д. 29/14

Московская типография Яд 8 Согазполиграфпрома при Государственном комитете СССР по делам издательств, полиграфии и книжной торговли, Хохловский пер., д. 7.