6. Перспективы развития практики

Названное выше Постановление Пленума ВАС РФ касается самого распространенного вида лизинга - выкупного. И очевидно, что оно исходит из так называемой кредитной теории данного договора.

Это ярко проявляется, например, в вопросе о расторжении договора выкупного лизинга по вине лизингополучателя, которому посвящена большая часть разъяснений этого Постановления: Пленум ВАС РФ говорит о необходимости "сальдирования" взаимных обязательств сторон и поиске определенного баланса интересов сторон, не допуская злоупотреблений каждой из них. Предлагается формула для расчета взаимных задолженностей сторон.

Постановление также затрагивает вопросы обеспечительного характера права лизингодателя на предмет лизинга, автоматического перехода права собственности к лизингополучателю при внесении всех платежей по договору, распределения рисков гибели и повреждения предмета лизинга, его страхования и др.

Взгляд на договор выкупного лизинга через призму кредитования обоснован. По крайней мере он гораздо ближе к истине, чем строгая "арендная теория".

Хочется верить, что, с одной стороны, эти разъяснения будут восприняты судами и практика по спорам из договоров выкупного лизинга станет более предсказуемой и соотносящейся с сутью отношений и что, с другой стороны, иные варианты лизинга не будут смешиваться с выкупным лизингом и будут анализироваться исходя из действительного смысла соглашения сторон.

ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ОПЫТ

SPYRIDON V. BAZINAS

THE DRAFT PLEDGE PROVISIONS OF THE RUSSIAN CIVIL CODE

AND THE RUSSIAN LAW ON PLEDGE COMPARED WITH THE UNCITRAL

LEGISLATIVE GUIDE ON SECURED TRANSACTIONS <*>

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<*> Данная статья была подготовлена еще до того, как изменения в раздел ГК РФ о залоге в значительной степени изменили картину правового регулирования этого способа обеспечения. Между тем полагаем, что содержащийся в ней анализ будет полезен и для анализа новых норм a posteriori. - Примеч. ред.

Spyridon (Spiros) V. Bazinas, Senior Legal Officer, International Trade Law Division, Office of Legal Affairs (which serves as the Secretariat of UN CITRAL). The views expressed in this article are the personal views of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the United Nations or UN CITRAL. The author would like to thank Marek Dubovec, Senior Research Attorney at the National Law Centre for Inter-American Free Trade and Assistant Adjunct Professor at the James E. Rogers College of Law, the University of Arizona, and Anna Batueva, Senior Associate, Legal Capital Partners, Moscow, for their comments. Responsibility for any remaining errors or omissions is the author's alone.

1. Introduction

In the context of the current revision of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a set of draft provisions on pledge and mortgage have been prepared and are being considered by the relevant State organs <1>. In addition, a new law has already been adopted with respect to the registration of pledges <2>. Potential improvements of both the draft provisions on pledge provisions and the new on pledge registration are being considered.

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<1> The draft provisions were adopted by the State Duma after the reading on 27 April 2012 and the reading should take place in December.

<2> The new law will enter into force on 10 January 2014.

The purpose of this article is to assist in this worthy effort by comparing the two Russian texts <1> with the UN CITRAL Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions (the Secured Transactions Guide or the Guide), which was adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UN CITRAL or the Commission) <2>, at its session in 2007. Where necessary, references are made to the Draft Technical Legislative Guide on the Implementation of a Security Rights Registry (the "draft Registry Guide"), which is expected to be completed by UN CITRAL at its session in 2013 <3>.

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<1> The comments in this article are based on an informal translation of the Russian texts in English.

<2> For a brief description of UN CITRAL and its work, see: http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htm.

<3> A/CN.9/WG.VI/WP.52 and Addenda 1 - 6 (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups/6Security_Interests.html).

The Guide represents an effort to modernize and harmonize both substantive and conflict-of-laws rules with respect to security rights in movable assets <1>. It is already being used as the main reference material in law reform initiatives around the world <2>. The Guide is complemented by a Supplement on Security rights in Intellectual Property (the Intellectual Property Supplement or the Supplement), which was adopted by UN CITRAL at its session in 20 10 <3>. The Supplement is intended to ensure coordination between secured financing and intellectual property law so that intellectual property right-holders may use their rights to obtain credit but in a way that does not interfere with fundamental policies of intellectual property law (national and international). This result is achieved with a rule providing that, where there is overlap and conflict between secured financing and intellectual property law, intellectual property law prevails <4>. Both texts deal also with insolvency-related issues in a way that is consistent with the UN CITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law (the Insolvency Guide) <5>. The reason is that, without coordination between secured financing and insolvency law, a security right may not provide real security where it is mostly needed, that is, where the debtor cannot pay all its creditors.

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<1> United Nations publication, Sales N E.09.V.12 (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/payments/Guide_securedtrans.html).

<2> The Guide has already influenced the new Personal Property Security Acts of a number of countries, including Australia, Columbia, Ghana, Malawi and Mexico. It has also influenced Book IX of the Draft Common Frame of Reference of the Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law, the OHADA Uniform Securities Act and the Secured Transactions Toolkit of the World Bank Group.

<3> http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/payments/ip-supplement.html

<4> Recommendation 4, subpara. (b).

<5> http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/insolvency/2004Guide.html

In addition, it should be noted that, with respect to receivables, the Secured Transactions Guide incorporates the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade (the Receivables Convention) <1>. Moreover, it should be noted that the relationship between the UN CITRAL texts on security rights and those prepared by The Hague Conference on Private International Law (The Hague Conference) and the International Institute on the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit) is dealt with in a joint publication by the three organizations. The Secured Transactions Guide and the Intellectual Property Supplement will be soon complemented by the draft Registry Guide.

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<1> http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/payments/2001Convention_receivables.html. For a brief discussion of the Convention, see: Spiros V. Bazinas, RichardKohn and Louis Del Duca, Facilitating a cost-free path to economic recovery - Implementing a global uniform receivables financing law, Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal, Vol. 44. N 3 (July 2012). P. 277 - 316.

The Secured Transactions Guide includes commentary and recommendations dealing with all issues that should be addressed by a legislator in a law dealing with security rights in movable assets. The commentary discusses various workable approaches and their comparable advantages and disadvantages and explains the recommendation made on each issue. As a result, the Guide combines the certainty of the recommendations with the flexibility of the commentary, and can be thus used by States with different legal systems and at different levels of economic development <1>.

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<1> It should be noted that the Guide has already influenced the new Personal Property Security Acts of a number of countries, including Australia, Columbia, Ghana, Malawi and Mexico. It has also influenced Boox IX of the Draft Common Frame of Reference of the Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law, the OHADA Uniform Securities Act and the Secured Transactions Toolkit of the World Bank Group.

Both the commentary and the recommendations of the Guide contain a general part that applies generally to all types of movable asset (with limited exceptions) and a specific part that applies to certain types of asset (such as receivables, bank accounts and letters of credit). Thus, each State can use the parts of the Guide that it needs most without necessarily having to adopt both the general and all the asset-specific recommendations of the Guide in their entirety.